Table 1.
Characteristics of cohort studies included in the meta-analysis of fish consumption and coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence.
| Study Source (Year), Country | Age (Gender) |
Subjects (Cases) |
Follow-Up Period | Fish Intake Category | Exposure Measure | Outcome Measure | Covariates Adjusted |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fraser [33] (1992), USA | ≥25 (Both) |
26,743 (134) |
6 y | Never; <1/wk; ≥1/wk | FFQ | Obtained from medical records | Age, sex, smoking, exercise, relative weight, and high blood pressure |
| Ascherio [34] (1995), USA | 40–75 (M) |
44,895 (547) |
6 y | <1/mo; 1–3/mo; 1/wk; 2–3/wk; 4–5/wk; ≥6/wk | FFQ | Based on medical records and autopsy report | Age, body mass index, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, history of hypertension, history of diabetes, history of hypercholesterolemia, family history of myocardial infarction before 60 y of age and profession |
| Albert [35] (1998), USA | 40–84 (M) |
20,551 (308) |
11 y | 1/mo; 1–3/mo; 1–2/wk; 2–5/wk; ≥5/wk | FFQ | Obtained from hospital medical records | Age, aspirin, -carotene treatment assignment, evidence of cardiovascular disease before 12-mo questionnaire, body mass index, smoking status, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, history of hypercholesterolemia, alcohol consumption, vigorous exercise, and vitamin E, vitamin C, and multivitamin use |
| Gillum [36] (2000), USA | 25–74 (Both) |
8825 (2007) |
18.8 y | Never; <1/wk; 1/wk; >1/wk | FFQ | ICD9 | Age, smoking, history of diabetes, education, high school graduate, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol concentration, body mass index, alcohol intake, and physical activity. |
| Hu [37] (2002), USA | 34–50 (F) |
84,688 (1029) |
16 y | <1/mo; 1–3/mo; 1/wk; 2–4/wk; ≥5/wk | FFQ | Based on medical records, death certificate and autopsy report | Age, time periods, smoking status, body mass index, alcohol intake, menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use, vigorous to moderate activity, No. of times aspirin was used per week, multivitamin use, vitamin E supplement use, and history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, intake of trans-fat, the ratio of polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat, and dietary fiber |
| Mozaffarian [38] (2003), USA | ≥66 (Both) |
3910 (363) |
9.3 y | ≤1/mo; 1–3/mo; 1/wk; 2/wk; ≥3/wk | FFQ | Based on medical records and death certificate | Age, gender, education, diabetes, smoking, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, saturate fat, alcohol, beef/pork, fruit and vegetables |
| Osler [39] (2003), Denmark | 30–70 (Both) |
8497 (491) |
11 y | ≤1/mo; 2/mo; 1/wk; ≥2/wk | Self-administered questionnaire | ICD-8 (codes 410–414), ICD-10 (codes I20–I25) | Familial predisposition, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol, educational status, healthy diet score, total cholesterol, and body mass index |
| Iso [40] (2006), Japan | 40–59 (Both) |
41,578 (196) |
11 y | Median intake: 23 g/d; 51 g/d; 78 g/d; 114 g/d; 180 g/d | FFQ | Self-reported (letter, telephone), medical records | Age, sex, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, body mass index, histories of hypertension and diabetes, medication use for hypercholesterolemia, education level, sports at leisure time, quintiles of dietary intake of fruits, vegetables, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, n6 polyunsaturated fat, cholesterol, and total energy |
| Buckland [41] (2009), Spain | 29–69 (Both) |
40,757 (606) |
10.4 y | g/1000 kcal/d: 0–16.9; >16.9–31.0; >31.0–266.7 | Self-reported questionnaires | Obtained from hospital medical records | Center and age and were adjusted for education, physical activity, body mass index, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia status, and total calorie intake. |
| de Goede [42] (2010), The Netherlands | 20–65 (Both) |
21,342 (252) |
11.3 y | <3.3 g/d; 3.3–7.3 g/d; 7.4–14.0 g/d; >14 g/d | FFQ | ICD-9 (codes 410) | Age, gender, BMI, total energy intake, ethanol intake, cigarette smoking, social economic status, vitamin or mineral supplement use, use of drugs for hypertension or hypercholesterolaemia, |
| Bernstein [43] (2010), USA | 30–55 (F) |
84,136 (3162) |
26 y | Median servings per day: 0.07; 0.11; 0.14; 0.25; 0.43 | FFQ | obtained from the medical records | Age, time period, total energy, cereal fiber, alcohol, trans fat, body mass index, cigarette smoking, menopausal status, parental history of early myocardial infarction, multivitamin use, vitamin E supplement use, aspirin use at least once per week, physical exercise |
| Bjerregaard [44] (2010), Denmark | 50–64 (Both) |
54,226 (1122) |
7.6 y | Male: 0–24 g/d; 25–35 g/d; 36–47 g/d; 48–64 g/d; >64 g/d; Female: 0–22 g/d; 23–31 g/d; 32–41 g/d; 42–54 g/d; >55 g/d | FFQ | (ICD-8:410.00–410.99 and 427.27; ICD-10: I20.0, I21.0–I21.9, and I46.0–I46.9) | Education, smoking, alcohol intake, body mass index, history of diabetes mellitus, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, physical activity, dietary intake of fruits and vegetables, total energy intake, dietary intake of saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and polyunsaturated fat |
| Wennberg [45] (2011), Sweden | 30–77 (Both) |
930 (431) |
12 y | Meals/wk: <1/mo; 1/mo; <1/wk; 1–2/wk; >2/wk | FFQ | Based on medical records | Apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I, smoking, SBP, diabetes, educational level, consumption of fruit and vegetables |
| Martínez-González [46] (2011), Spain | Mean age: 38 (Both) |
13,609 (68) |
4.9 y | Male: <87 g/d; ≥87 g/dFemale: <86 g/d; ≥86 g/d | FFQ | Based on medical records | Age, sex, family history of CHD, total energy intake, physical activity, smoking, BMI, diabetes at baseline, use of aspirin, history of hypertension and history of hypercholesterolemia |
| Lajous [47] (2013), USA | 40–75(M) 30–55(F) |
79,569 (3756) |
18 y(M) 22 y(F) |
0 servings/wk; ≥1 servings/wk | FFQ | Based on medical records | Age, parental history of myocardial infarction, oral contraceptive use, body mass index, smoking, menopausal status, hormone replacement therapy, physical activity, aspirin use, vitamin E supplement use, multivitamin supplement use, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, angina or coronary artery bypass grafting, stroke, and intakes of calories, trans-fats, alcohol, cereal fiber, red meat, and fish |
| Kuhn [48] (2013), Germany | 35–65 (Both) |
48,315 (488) |
8.1 y | <7.5 g/d; 7.5–14.5 g/d; 14.5–21.5 g/d; 21.5–31.1 g/d; >31.1 g/d | FFQ | Medical verification of self-reports of incident disease from questionnaires | Age, gender, energy intake, alcohol intake, BMI, waist circumference, physical activity, educational attainment, smoking and prevalent diabetes mellitus. |
| Haring [49] (2014), USA | 45–64 (Both) |
12,066 (1147) |
22 y | Servings/d: 0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.6 | FFQ | Information from study visits, yearly telephone follow-up calls, review of hospital discharge lists and medical charts, death certificates, | Age, sex, race, study center, total energy intake, smoking, education, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, HDLc, total cholesterol, use of lipid lowering medication, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, alcohol intake, sports-related physical activity, leisure-related physical activity, carbohydrate intake, fiber intake, and magnesium intake. |
| Nahab [50] (2016), USA | ≥40 (Both) |
16,479 (440) |
5.1 y | Servings: <1/mo; 1-3/mo; 1–2/wk; ≥2/wk | FFQ | Based on medical records | Age, race, region, sex, income, education, exercise, smoking status, Mediterranean diet score, regular aspirin use and total energy intake, current use of hypertensive medication, diabetes status, SBP, BMI, dyslipidaemia |
| Gammelmark [51] (2016), men, Danish | 50–64 (M) |
25,913 (2136) |
17 y | 0–8 g/d; >8–13 g/d; >13–18 g/d; >18–28 g/d; >28 g/d | FFQ | ICD8 and ICD10 | Smoking, BMI, waist circumference, physical activity, alcohol intake, educational level, history of diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, total energy intake, intake of fruits and vegetables and intake of nuts |
| Gammelmark [51] (2016), women, Danish | 50–64 (F) |
28,991 (892) |
17 y | 0–6 g/d; >6–10 g/d; >10–15 g/d; >15–23 g/d; >23 g/d | FFQ | ICD8 and ICD10 | Smoking, BMI, waist circumference, physical activity, alcohol intake, educational level, history of diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, total energy intake, intake of fruits and vegetables and intake of nuts |
| Bonaccio [52] (2017), Italy | ≥35 (Both) |
20,969 (287) |
4.3 y | times/wk: 0–1.99; 2–3.99; ≥4 | FFQ | ICD9 | Age, sex, energy intake, education, smoking, drugs for diabetes, drugs for hypertension, drugs for lipids, MDS without fish, blood glucose, LDL-cholesterol and low-grade inflammation |
| Hengeveld [53] (2018), The Netherlands | 20–70 (Both) |
34,033 (2134) |
18 y | portion/wk: 0; <1; ≥1 | FFQ | ICD10(I20–I25, I46, and R96) | Age, sex, physical activity, smoking status, education level, BMI, alcohol intake, total energy intake, intakes of saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, fruit, vegetables, and dietary fibre |
| Ward [54] (2019), USA | Mean age:66 (Both) |
197,761 (6265) |
6 y | <1/mo; 1–3/mo; 1/wk; 2–4/wk; ≥5/wk | FFQ | ICD-9 (codes 410) | Age, sex, race, BMI, education, smoking status, alcohol intake, exercise |
FFQ, Food-frequency questionnaire; BMI, body mass index; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; F, female; M, male; y, year; HDL, High Density Lipoprotein; LDL, Low Density Lipoprotein; SBP, Systolic Blood Pressure; wk, week; mo, month; d, day.