Table 4.
Effect of a maternal diet high in linoleic acid on cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in the labyrinth zone of the rat placenta.
| LLA | HLA | p-Values | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | Male | Female | Diet | Sex | Interaction | |
| IL-1α (pg/mL) | 10.6 ± 1.56 | 8.0 ± 1.22 | 8.0 ± 0.75 | 11.1 ± 1.17 | ns | ns | p = 0.03 |
| IL-1β (pg/mL) | 45.4 ± 6.38 | 85.5 ± 30.01 | 50.3 ± 4.86 | 45.5 ± 1.93 | ns | ns | ns |
| IL-2 (pg/mL) | 987.1 ± 103.7 | 1411.0 ± 303.3 | 935.4 ± 65.2 | 972.5 ± 155.9 | ns | ns | ns |
| IL-5 (pg/mL) | 57.5 ± 7.27 | 57.0 ± 12.58 | 39.73 ± 4.40 | 56.4 ± 8.73 | ns | ns | ns |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 54.8 ± 7.30 | 38.9 ± 7.72 | 34.7 ± 5.34 | 37.8 ± 6.64 | ns | ns | ns |
| IL-7 (pg/mL) | 462.4 ± 53.32 | 380.9 ± 66.48 | 208.9 ± 64.7 | 261.4 ± 70.09 | p = 0.008 | ns | ns |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 22.49 ± 4.88 | 22.45 ± 5.84 | 11.97 ± 1.11 | 14.93 ± 1.62 | p = 0.03 | ns | ns |
| IFN-γ (pg/mL) | 39.6 ± 4.76 | 31.1 ± 6.76 | 28.5 ± 4.96 | 39.79 ± 5.46 | ns | ns | ns |
| RANTES (pg/mL) | 28.87 ± 2.11 | 24.5 ± 1.46 | 24.9 ± 1.85 | 33.3 ± 3.32 | ns | ns | p = 0.008 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 374.5 ± 59.84 | 254.8 ± 47.68 | 286.5 ± 12.68 | 327 ± 20.54 | ns | ns | ns |
| VEGF (pg/mL) | 10.55 ± 1.58 | 9.13 ± 2.70 | 9.2 ± 2.09 | 11.03 ± 2.16 | ns | ns | ns |
| MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 91.65 ± 8.63 | 77.86 ± 12.44 | 93.04 ± 5.53 | 94.36 ± 10.44 | ns | ns | ns |
LLA: low linoleic acid; HLA: high linoleic acid; IL: interleukin; IFN-γ: interferon-gamma; RANTES: regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor- alpha; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Placentae from one male and one female per litter were analyzed. Data expressed as mean ± SEM and analyzed by two-way ANOVA with diet and sex as two factors. n = 5–8.