Table 8.
Percentages of children meeting and not meeting Food and Agriculture Organization United Nations (UN-FAO) recommendations for main fatty acids by cohort and age categories for Nutritional Study in the Spanish Pediatric Population (EsNuPI) (n = 1448‡) ¥.
| Spanish Reference Cohort (SRS) | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | 1 to <3 Years | 3 to <6 Years | 6 to <10 Years | ||||||||||||||
| n | % BR | % MR | % AR£ | n | % BR | % MR | % AR£ | n | % BR | % MR | % AR£ | n | % BR | % MR | % AR£ | p | |
| Total Fat | 707 | 4.0 | 38.2 | 57.9 | 162 | 16.0 | 30.9 a | 53.1 | 244 | 0.8 | 43.9 b | 55.3 | 301 | 0.0 | 37.5 a,b | 62.5 | <0.001 |
| SFAs ‡ | 629 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 98.3 | 84 | 2.4 | 3.6 | 94.0 | 244 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 98.8 | 301 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 99.0 | NS |
| PUFAs | 707 | 88.8 | 11.2 | 0.0 | 162 | 51.9 | 48.1 a | 0.0 | 244 | 100.0 | 0.0 b | 0.0 | 301 | 99.7 | 0.3 b | 0.0 | <0.001 |
| EPA+DHA | 707 | 67.8 | 5.0 | 27.3 | 162 | 66.7 | 4.9 | 28.4 | 244 | 66.0 | 4.5 | 29.5 | 301 | 69.8 | 5.3 | 24.9 | NS |
| Adapted Milk Consumers Cohort (AMS) | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | 1 to <3 Years | 3 to <6 Years | 6 to <10 Years | ||||||||||||||
| n | % BR | % MR | % AR£ | n | % BR | % MR | % AR£ | n | % BR | % MR | % AR£ | n | % BR | % MR | % AR£ | p | |
| Total Fat | 741 | 11.6 * | 35.6 * | 52.8 * | 294 | 29.3 * | 33.7 a,b | 37.1 * | 262 | 0.0 | 42.4 b | 57.6 | 185 | 0.0 | 29.2 a | 70.8 | <0.001 |
| SFAs ‡ | 582 | 0.5 | 2.7 | 96.7 | 135 | 2.2 | 7.4 a | 90.4 | 262 | 0.0 | 1.5 b | 98.5 | 185 | 0.0 | 1.1 b | 98.9 | <0.001 |
| PUFAs | 741 | 78.5 * | 21.5 * | 0.0 * | 294 | 45.9 | 54.1 a | 0.0 | 262 | 100 | 0.0 b | 0.0 | 185 | 100 | 0.0 b | 0.0 | <0.001 |
| EPA+DHA | 741 | 46.0 * | 12.0 * | 42.0 * | 294 | 47.3 * | 13.3 * | 39.5 * | 262 | 42.4 * | 11.5 * | 46.2 * | 185 | 49.2 * | 10.8 * | 40.0 * | NS |
The percentage for inadequacy was calculated by comparing with UN-FAO recommendations. First column: percentage below recommendations (BR); second column: percentage meeting recommendations (MR); third column: percentage above recommendations (AR). DHA, docosahexaenoic acid 22:6 n-3; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5 n-3; SFAs, saturated fatty acids; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; NS, no significance. Results expressed in percentage (%). ¥ Individual usual intake for two 24 h dietary recalls was used to calculate the presented table for total fats, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, SFAs, and PUFAs. Average gram intake values from two 24 h dietary recalls were used for EPA+DHA. Chi-square test was used to evaluate differences by total and age group between SRS and AMS (significant differences are marked with an asterisk [*] in percentage values of the AMS cohort). Chi-square test analysis was used to calculate differences among age groups within cohorts (significant differences are marked with superscript letters in the value of each age group that are meeting the recommendations) p-values for this test are included in the last column. p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. £ The percentages of children above the recommendations do not exceed the tolerable upper intake limit. ‡ Recommendations for SFAs intake are available only for children aged 2 to <10 years; therefore, children <2 years were excluded from these analyses (n = 1211).