Fig. 5.

Recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist (rhIL-1RA) blunts neutrophil extracellular trap (NET)-induced cytokine changes in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEs). HBEs grown at air-liquid interface were pretreated for 1 h with 100 ng/mL rhIL-1RA or PBS and then exposed to 5 μg/mL NETs +/− 100 ng/mL rhIL-1RA for 18 h in triplicate or more wells. A–E: supernatant IL-8 and IL-1RA concentrations were measured by ELISA, and the remaining cytokine concentrations were measured by Luminex and analyzed by one-way ANOVA. F: RNA expression of cytokine genes was measured by RT-PCR, and fold changes were calculated relative to HBEs exposed to PBS and analyzed by one-way ANOVA. (HBE donors = 3, NET donors = 3.) *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.