Table 2.

Site-specific TSP1 expression in human aging and age-associated diseases

Fluid/Cell/Tissue/Organ	Age-Related Disease
Upregulation
Interstitial skeletal muscle fluid	PAD
Circulating extracellular vesicles	PAD, hypercholesteremia, aging
Platelets	Aging
Stromal cells, adipose tissue	Obesity
Monocytes	Rheumatoid arthritis, glaucoma
Fibroblasts	Rheumatoid arthritis
Vascular smooth muscle cells	PAD
Plasma	PAD, CVD ± diabetes, HFpEF, hypertension, prediabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, glaucoma
Artery, systemic	PAH, PVD, aortic dissection and aneurysm, aging
Artery, cerebral	Alzheimer’s disease
Synovial artery	Rheumatoid arthritis
Subcutaneous adipose tissue	Obesity
Skeletal muscle	PAD, aging (expression not exercise responsive)
Visceral adipose tissue	Metabolic syndrome
Cartilage	Osteoarthritis, early
Kidney	Diabetic nephropathy
Heart	Organ transplantation, heart failure
Downregulation
Vitreous fluid	Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Eye	Macular degeneration
Cartilage	Osteoarthritis, late

CVD, cardiovascular disease; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; TSP1, thrombospondin-1.