Figure 1.

Microbial metabolic activity in terms of pH decrease (upH) (A), gas production (kPa) (B), acetate production (mM) (C) and lactate production (mM) (D), as well as the absolute abundance of bifidobacteria (log (16S rRNA gene copies/mL)) (E) upon a 48 h fermentation of 5 g/L Bovine Milk-derived OligoSaccharides (BMOS, n = 1) by an infant fecal microbiota of 10 different donors (D1–D10), versus their respective blank controls (Control, n = 1). (A–E) Donors 1 and 8 are colored in red and green respectively. (E) The average and standard deviation of the 10 donors (D1–10) are shown for Bifidobacterium levels. Significant differences between the average Control and BMOS, as tested with a paired sample t-test, are indicated with different letters (a, b, c; p < 0.05) or asterisks (****, p < 10⁻⁴). BD: Below Detection (i.e., <1 × 10⁵).