Table 1.
Plasma Metabolites | Micellar Casein | Calcium Caseinate | Cross-Linked Sodium Caseinate | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glucose | |||||||||
Cmax (mmol·L−1) | 5.4 | ± | 0.5 a | 5.5 | ± | 0.8 a | 5.5 | ± | 0.5 a |
Tmax (min) | 23 | ± | 31 a | 61 | ± | 64 a | 28 | ± | 38 a |
iAUC (mmol·L−1·6 h−1) | −92 | ± | 73 a | −67 | ± | 196 a | −89 | ± | 80 a |
Insulin | |||||||||
Cmax (mU·L−1) | 31.3 | ± | 15.7 a | 30.2 | ± | 16.2 a | 34.6 | ± | 13.5 a |
Tmax (min) | 28 | ± | 8 a | 28 | ± | 34 a | 24 | ± | 8 a |
iAUC (mU·L−1·6 h−1) | 321 | ± | 660 a | 419 | ± | 653 a | 619 | ± | 658 a |
Branched-chain amino acids | |||||||||
Cmax (µmol·L−1) | 1074 | ± | 148 a | 949 | ± | 156 a | 1351 | ± | 178 b |
Tmax (min) | 72 | ± | 58 a | 76 | ± | 74 a | 57 | ± | 6 a |
iAUC (mmol·L−1·6 h−1) | 113 | ± | 23 a | 114 | ± | 26 a | 132 | ± | 21 b |
Essential amino acids | |||||||||
Cmax (µmol·L−1) | 2028 | ± | 301 c | 1775 | ± | 226 a | 2394 | ± | 275 b |
Tmax (min) | 47 | ± | 38 a | 71 | ± | 76 a | 56 | ± | 7 a |
iAUC (mmol·L−1·6 h−1) | 176 | ± | 38 a | 174 | ± | 43 a | 190 | ± | 36 b |
Non-essential | |||||||||
Cmax (µmol·L−1) | 1779 | ± | 316 a | 1623 | ± | 203 a | 2063 | ± | 287 b |
Tmax (min) | 48 | ± | 38 a | 74 | ± | 76 a | 57 | ± | 6 a |
iAUC (mmol·L−1·6 h−1) | 94 | ± | 28 a,b | 86 | ± | 36 a | 104 | ± | 31 b |
Total amino acids | |||||||||
Cmax (µmol·L−1) | 3804 | ± | 604 a | 3394 | ± | 398 a | 4454 | ± | 518 b |
Tmax (min) | 48 | ± | 38 a | 69 | ± | 75 a | 56 | ± | 7 a |
iAUC (mmol·L−1·6 h−1) | 270 | ± | 63 a,b | 260 | ± | 75 a | 294 | ± | 63 b |
Values are mean ± SD, n = 15 per treatment. a b c: treatments without a common superscript letter differ, p < 0.05. Cmax: maximal concentration. Tmax: time to reach maximal concentration, iAUC: incremental area under the curve.