Table 2.
Characteristics of the patients with intractable epilepsy at baseline and after 6 months of multivitamin supplementation (n = 26).
| Characteristics | Normal Range (Adult) |
Baseline | After 6 Months of Supplementation | Comparison | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | t/χ2 | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
| Seizure frequency, per 28 days | 9.04 ± 18.16 | 2.06 ± 3.89 | 2.13 | (0.18–13.78) | 0.045 * | |
| Serum vitamin level | ||||||
| B6, nmol/L | 20–202 | 207.09 ± 215.64 | 200.75 ± 237.34 | 0.11 | (−115.09–−127.76) | 0.911 |
| B9, ng/mL | 4.6–34.8 | 8.39 ± 4.12 | 48.40 ± 32.38 | −4.31 | (−60.24–−19.77) | 0.001 ** |
| D, ng/mL | 30–100 | 26.21 ± 13.64 | 33.90 ± 11.55 | −3.05 | (−13.18–−2.20) | 0.010 ** |
| E, nmol/mL | 11.6–39.5 | 38.16 ± 51.19 | 29.47 ± 51.44 | 2.01 | (−0.73–18.13) | 0.068 |
| Q10, ng/mL | 360–1590 | 2947.61 ± 856.08 | 1725.32 ± 450.91 | 5.98 | (777.25–1667.33) | <0.001 *** |
| Body profile | ||||||
| Body weight, kg | 62.42 ± 14.17 | 63.20 ± 14.52 | −1.45 | (−1.89–0.33) | 0.161 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.59 ± 4.51 | 23.92 ± 4.89 | −1.65 | (−0.76–0.09) | 0.113 | |
| Waist circumference, cm | 85.14 ± 8.16 | 85.34 ± 8.59 | −0.23 | (−2.08–1.67) | 0.822 | |
| Lipid profile | ||||||
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | <200 | 185.82 ± 28.79 | 180.91 ± 29.35 | 1.33 | (−2.75–12.57) | 0.197 |
| HDL, mg/dL | >40 | 66.27 ± 17.59 | 67.18 ± 18.42 | −0.49 | (−4.78–2.96) | 0.630 |
| LDL, mg/dL | <100 | 115.82 ± 31.15 | 111.45 ± 32.61 | 1.77 | (−0.76–9.48) | 0.091 |
| TG, mg/dL | <150 | 87.62 ± 43.97 | 104.05 ± 42.66 | −1.94 | (−34.08–1.22) | 0.066 |
| Sugar profile | ||||||
| AC glucose, mg/dL | 60–99 | 86.59 ± 7.03 | 90.09 ± 13.47 | −1.72 | (−7.73–0.73) | 0.100 |
| Insulin, uIU/mL | 4–16 | 9.16 ± 6.15 | 12.50 ± 9.57 | −2.05 | (−6.73–0.05) | 0.053 |
| HOMA-IR | <1.9 | 1.98 ± 1.37 | 2.89 ± 2.40 | −2.14 | (−1.79–−0.03) | 0.044 * |
| McAuley Index | <5.8 | 8.31 ± 2.18 | 7.27 ± 1.76 | 2.47 | (0.16–1.93) | 0.023 * |
| HbA1c, % | 4.8–5.9 | 5.24 ± 0.43 | 5.08 ± 0.43 | 2.29 | (0.01–0.30) | 0.034 * |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or number (percentage). AED, antiepileptic drug; B6, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP); B9, total folate; D, total 25 hydroxyvitamin D; E, total human vitamin E; Q10, total coenzyme Q10; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; AC glucose, glucose ante cibum; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.