Table 1.
Clinical and demographic characteristics of study participants by E-DII adjusted for age, n = 401 1.
| Variable | Tertile 1(−0.09 to 3.75) | Tertile 2(3.76 to 4.40) | Tertile 3(4.41 to 6.1) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E-DII | ||||
| n | 133 | 134 | 134 | |
| Age (y) | 21.6 (21.0–22.1) | 21.3 (20.8–21.9) | 22.1 (21.5–22.6) | 0.45 |
| Nationality | ||||
| Saudi | 91% | 94.8% | 93.3% | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 91.7% | 92.5% | 91.8% | |
| Education level | ||||
| Bachelor | 88.7% | 89.6% | 89.6% | |
| Master | 10.5% | 9.7% | 9.0% | |
| PhD | 0.8% | 0.7% | 1.5% | |
| Academic level | ||||
| Level 1–3 | 21.1% | 26.1% | 29.1% | |
| Level 4–6 | 43.6% | 50.0% | 50.0% | |
| Level 7–9 | 53.3% | 23.9% | 20.9% | |
| College | ||||
| Medical | 29.3% | 47.0% | 41.8% | |
| Non-medical | 70.7% | 53.0% | 58.2% | |
| Family income per month (SR) | ||||
| <5000 | 3.0% | 6.7% | 4.5% | |
| 5000 – < 10,000 | 29.3% | 21.6% | 23.1% | |
| 10,000 – < 19,000 | 31.6% | 29.9% | 28.4% | |
| ≥19,000 | 36.1% | 41.8% | 44.0% | |
| Presence of medical conditions 2 | 1.5% | 5.2% | 14.2% | |
| Sleeping (h/d) | 2.3 (2.2–2.5) | 2.3 (2.2–2.5) | 2.2 (2.1–2.4) | |
| Sleeping (h/d) | ||||
| <6 h | 14.3% | 17.2% | 19.4% | |
| 6–7 h | 41.4% | 36.6% | 41.0% | |
| > 7 – ≤ 10 h | 41.4% | 44.0% | 35.1% | |
| >10 h | 3.0% | 2.2% | 4.5% | |
| Frequency of physical activity (times/w) | 4.6 (4.3–4.9) | 4.7 (4.4–5.0) | 5.0 (4.6–5.3) | |
| Duration of physical activity (min/d) | 55.1 (47.7–62.5) | 61.5 (54.1–68.9) | 66.7 (59.3–74.0) | |
| Previous weight reduction diet | 24.1% | 38.1% | 48.5% | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.7 (20.7–22.6) | 24.4 (23.4–25.4) | 26.0 (25.1–27.0) | <0.0001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.73 (0.71–0.76) | 0.76 (0.73–0.79) | 0.75 (0.72–0.78) | <0.46 |
| Body fat (%) | 31.74 (30.51–32.89) | 35.39 (34.16–36.62) | 38.17 (36.94–39.41) | <0.0001 |
| Body muscle (%) | 59.69 (57.53–61.85) | 52.98 (50.82–55.14) | 47.80 (45.63–49.96) | <0.0001 |
| PSS score | 16.6 (15.6–17.5) | 21.3 (20.3–22.2) | 22.5 (21.6–23.5) | <0.0001 |
| Hs-CRP (mg/L) 3 | 1.23 (0.69–1.78) | 2.26 (1.66–2.85) | 4.77 (4.15–5.39) | <0.0001 |
1 Values are mean (95% CI) or %. Energy adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII), Saudi riyals (SR), Body mass index (BMI), Perceived stress scale (PSS), High sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP). 2 Medical condition includes chronic constipation, gastroesophageal reflux disease, prolactinoma, vitamin D deficiency, polycystic ovary syndrome, and hypothyroidism.3 Hs-CRP was collected from 289 participants.