Figure 4.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) outcomes. Significant main effects of treatment (A. Total Hb and C. StO2) and significant treatment x hemisphere interactions (B. Total Hb and D. StO2) were observed for all outcomes (n = 32). Values are adjusted means ± SEM derived from the linear mixed model. Treatment, hemisphere (left/right) and epoch (11 × 4/5 min epochs during each assessment = 33 epochs) and their interactions, i.e., treatment × hemisphere × epoch; treatment × hemisphere; treatment × epoch, hemisphere × epoch were entered into the models as fixed effects. Respective pre-dose values (baseline assessment) were also entered into the model as a covariate and subject was included as a random effect. Post-hoc comparisons were made between placebo and each of the active treatments using a Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons. *, p < 0.05 (post-hoc test against placebo); Total-Hb, total hemoglobin; StO₂, oxygen saturation.