Table 1.
Description of the investigational beverages. All beverages were made up to 10 fl oz.
| Placebo | Blueberry | Apple | Coffee Berry |
|---|---|---|---|
| Base 1 | Base 1 | Base 1 | Base 1 |
| Blueberry extract 2 | Apple extract 6 | Coffee berry extract 7 | |
| Beetroot extract 3 | Beetroot extract 3 | Beetroot extract 3 | |
| Ginseng extract 4 | Ginseng extract 4 | Ginseng extract 4 | |
| Sage extract 5 | Sage extract 5 | Sage extract 5 |
1 Water (95%), sucralose (4%), preservatives, and artificial flavors (1%). 2 Bluberry extract (2.49 g)—North American blueberry extract standardized to contain a minimum of 12% blueberry anthocyanins. Supplied by Futureceuticals, United States of America (USA). 3 Beetroot extract (10 g)—a fresh beetroot juice powder standardized for 1.5% nitrate and 0.4% betalains. Supplied by Futureceuticals, USA. 4 Ginseng (170 mg)—ginseng extract standardized to contain 4.5% ginsenosides. 5 Sage extract (280 mg)—powdered sage extract. 6 Apple extract (275 mg)—standardized to contain 85% polyphenols expressed as catechin equivalents [(-)-epicatechin min. 30% w/w; flavan-3-ol oligomers min. 20% w/w]. Supplied by Correscence Ltd., United Kingdom (UK). 7 Coffee berry extract (1.1 g)—an extract of powdered whole coffee fruit standardized to contain 40% chlorogenic acids and 2% caffeine. Supplied by Futureceuticals, USA.