Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population according to habitual coffee consumption.
| Non-Coffee Consumers (n = 864) | Black-Coffee Consumers | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 Cup/Day (n = 100) | 1 to <2 Cups/Day (n = 70) | ≥2 Cups/Day (n = 105) | ||
| Age, mean ± SD (years) | 53.3 ± 8.7 | 49.7 ± 7.5 | 47.4 ± 6.9 | 46.9 ± 5.7 |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Men | 299 (34.6) | 32 (32.0) | 21 (30.0) | 47 (44.8) |
| Women | 565 (65.4) | 68 (68.0) | 49 (70.0) | 58 (55.2) |
| BMI, mean ± SD (kg/m2) | 23.8 ± 3.0 | 24.3 ± 2.8 | 24.6 ± 3.1 | 24.7 ± 3.1 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Never smokers | 638 (73.8) | 76 (76.0) | 49 (70.0) | 57 (54.3) |
| Past smokers | 103 (11.9) | 9 (9.0) | 11 (15.7) | 14 (13.3) |
| Current smokers | 123 (14.2) | 15 (15.0) | 10 (14.3) | 34 (32.4) |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | ||||
| Never drinkers | 588 (68.1) | 55 (55.0) | 44 (62.9) | 46 (43.8) |
| ≤5 g/day | 104 (12.0) | 15 (15.0) | 12 (17.1) | 23 (21.9) |
| 5 to ≤10 g/day | 36 (4.2) | 8 (8.0) | 4 (5.7) | 8 (7.6) |
| 10 to ≤20 g/day | 46 (5.3) | 10 (10.0) | 6 (8.6) | 11 (10.5) |
| >20 g/day | 90 (10.4) | 12 (12.0) | 4 (5.7) | 17 (16.2) |
| Family history of type 2 diabetes, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 65 (7.5) | 11 (11.0) | 5 (7.1) | 14 (13.3) |
| No | 799 (92.5) | 89 (89.0) | 65 (92.9) | 91 (86.7) |
| Sugar added in coffee, mean ± SD (g/day) | 0.1 ± 0.9 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |
| Total energy intake, mean ± SD (kcal/day) | 1882.1 ± 762.5 | 1981.1 ± 747.6 | 1863.9 ± 718.0 | 2143.7 ± 1121.4 |
| Non-Coffee Consumers (n = 864) | Sugared-coffee Consumers | |||
| <1 Cup/Day (n = 892) | 1 to <2 Cups/Day (n = 986) | ≥2 Cups/Day (n = 1037) | ||
| Age, mean ± SD (years) | 53.3 ± 8.7 | 51.4 ± 8.5 | 50.0 ± 8.4 | 49.2 ± 8.0 |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Men | 299 (34.6) | 442 (49.6) | 425 (43.1) | 638 (61.5) |
| Women | 565 (65.4) | 450 (50.5) | 561 (56.9) | 399 (38.5) |
| BMI, mean ± SD (kg/m2) | 23.8 ± 3.0 | 24.4 ± 2.9 | 24.3 ± 2.9 | 24.3 ± 3.0 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Never smokers | 638 (73.8) | 555 (62.2) | 626 (63.5) | 458 (44.2) |
| Past smokers | 103 (11.9) | 147 (16.5) | 129 (13.1) | 188 (18.1) |
| Current smokers | 123 (14.2) | 190 (21.3) | 231 (23.4) | 391 (37.7) |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | ||||
| Never drinkers | 588 (68.1) | 435 (48.8) | 488 (49.5) | 459 (44.3) |
| ≤5 g/day | 104 (12.0) | 166 (18.6) | 196 (19.9) | 204 (19.7) |
| 5 to ≤10 g/day | 36 (4.2) | 77 (8.6) | 59 (6.0) | 85 (8.2) |
| 10 to ≤20 g/day | 46 (5.3) | 90 (10.1) | 88 (8.9) | 91 (8.8) |
| >20 g/day | 90 (10.4) | 124 (13.9) | 155 (15.7) | 198 (19.1) |
| Family history of type 2 diabetes, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 65 (7.5) | 104 (11.7) | 91 (9.2) | 96 (9.3) |
| No | 799 (92.5) | 788 (88.3) | 895 (90.8) | 941 (90.7) |
| Sugar added in coffee, mean ± SD (g/day) | 0.1 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 4.9 ± 1.2 | 11.9 ± 4.4 |
| Total energy intake, mean ± SD (kcal/day) | 1882.1 ± 762.5 | 1881.2 ± 638.6 | 1969.5 ± 596.2 | 2115.8 ± 749.4 |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index.