Table 3.
Multivariate-adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes combined according to black coffee consumption.
| Non-Black-Coffee Consumers 1 | Black-Coffee Consumers | p for Trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 Cup/Day | 1 to <2 Cups/Day | ≥2 Cups/Day | |||
| Men and women combined | 0.023 | ||||
| Case/total | 2759/3779 | 73/100 | 47/70 | 69/105 | |
| ORs (95% CIs) 2 | Reference | 0.96 (0.59, 1.55) | 0.75 (0.44, 1.28) | 0.61 (0.38, 0.95) | |
| Men | 0.026 | ||||
| Case/total | 1394/1804 | 26/32 | 15/21 | 32/47 | |
| ORs (95% CIs) 2 | Reference | 1.18 (0.45, 3.15) | 0.69 (0.25, 1.93) | 0.46 (0.23, 0.94) | |
| Women | 0.271 | ||||
| Case/total | 1365/1975 | 47/68 | 32/49 | 37/58 | |
| ORs (95% CIs) 2 | Reference | 0.91 (0.52, 1.59) | 0.78 (0.41, 1.47) | 0.74 (0.41, 1.34) | |
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. 1 For black-coffee consumers, non-coffee consumers and sugared-coffee consumers combined were regarded as reference group; 2 the ORs (95% CIs) were adjusted for age (years, continuous), sex (for men and women combined), body mass index (BMI, <23, 23 to <25, 25 to <30 and ≥30 kg/m2), smoking status (never smokers, ≤10 and >10 pack-years), alcohol consumption (non-drinkers, ≤5, 5.1 to ≤10 and >10 g/day), family history of type 2 diabetes (yes or no), total energy intake (kcal/day, continuous), and the amount of sugar added in coffee (0, ≤5, 5.1 to ≤10, 10.1 to ≤15 and >15 g/day).