ActRIIA	type IIA activin receptorv
ActRIIB	activin type IIB receptor
ALK4/5	activin receptor-like kinase 4 or 5
AMPK	5’AMP-activated protein kinase
AngII	angiotensin II
AT1R	angiotensin II type I receptor
BHD	bicarbonate hemodialysis
BMP1	bone morphogenic protein 1
BMP-11	bone morphogenetic protein 11
COPD	chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CRP	C-reactive protein
DF-3	follistatin-derived myostatin inhibitory peptide
EHC	euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp
ELISA	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EWGSOP	European Working Group in Sarcopenia in Older People
FLRG	follistatin–related gene
FNDC5	fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5
FoxO	forkhead box protein O
GASP-1	growth and serum protein-1
GDF-8	growth differentiation factor -8
GDF-11	growth differentiation factor 11
HD	hemodialysis
HDF	hemodiafiltration
HF	heart failure
HOMA-IR	Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance
IL-6	interleukin 6
IL-15	interleukin 15
IGF-1	insulin-like growth factor
MEF2	myocyte-specific enhancer factor
miRNA	micro RNA
MRF4	myogenic regulatory factor 4
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
mTORC1	mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
MYF5	myogenic factor 5
MYF6	myogenic factor 6
MyoD	myoblast determination protein 1
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NT-proBNP	N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide
PPARγ	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
p38MAPK	p 38 mitogen-activated kinases
RVMPI	right ventricular myocardial performance index
TAK,	1Transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1
TAPSE	tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion
TGF-β	transforming growth factor β
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor -α