Table 3.
Changes in mood, self-esteem, body image and quality of life indicators according to the Polyphenol Intervention Trial (PPhIT) study group allocation.
| Low Polyphenol Diet (nmax = 50) | High Polyphenol Diet (nmax = 49) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 0 1 | Week 12 | Median Change (IQR) 2 | Within Group Change (p Value) 3 | Week 0 1 | Week 12 | Median Change (IQR) 2 | Within Group Change (p Value) 3 | Between Group Change (p Value) 4 | |
| BDI-II * | 6.0 (2.0, 12.5) | 7.0 (2.0, 11.0) | 0.2 (−1.5, 1.9) | 0.98 | 6.0 (3.0, 12.0) | 2.0 (0.0, 6.0) | −3.4 (−5.4, −1.5) | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| DASS-21 ** | |||||||||
| Depression 5 | 2.0 (0.0, 12.0) | 6.0 (0.0, 10.5) | 0 (−2.0, 6.0) | 0.29 | 2.0 (0.0, 10.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 6.0) | 0 (−2.0, 0.0) | 0.53 | 0.56 |
| Anxiety 5 | 4.0 (2.0, 9.0) | 2.0 (0.0, 8.0) | 0.0 (−3.0, 3.0) | 0.86 | 4.0 (0.0, 10.0) | 2.0 (0.0, 6.0) | 0.0 (−2.0, 0.0) | 0.16 | 0.8 |
| Stress 5 | 7.0 (2.0, 12.5) | 8.0 (0.0, 16.0) | 0 (−2.0, 4.0) | 0.76 | 6.0 (2.0, 14.0) | 4.0 (0.0, 10.0) | −2.0 (−6.0, 2.0) | 0.05 | 0.14 |
| PANAS *** | |||||||||
| Positive affect | 29.9 (8.3) | 30.4 (9.8) | 0.5 (−1.5, 2.5) | 0.63 | 33.0 (6.8) | 35.2 (7.4) | 2.2 (0.3, 4.1) | 0.03 | 0.21 |
| Negative affect | 11.0 (10.0, 13.0) | 11.0 (10.0, 13.0) | 0.0 (−1.5, 1.5) | 0.56 | 12.0 (10.0, 15.0) | 10.0 (10.0, 14.0) | 0.0 (−1.0, 0.5) | 0.68 | 0.99 |
| Rosenberg Self-Esteem Score † | 26.0 (25.0, 28.0) | 26.0 (25.0, 28.0) | 0.0 (−2.0, 2.0) | 0.74 | 26.0 (25.0, 27.0) | 27.0 (24.0, 27.0) | 0.0 (−2.0, 2.0) | 0.68 | 0.53 |
| MBSRQ-AS †† | |||||||||
| Appearance Evaluation | 2.9 (2.4, 3.5) | 3.0 (2.4, 3.6) | 0.0 (−0.3, 0.4) | 0.27 | 3.0 (2.5, 3.4) | 3.1 (2.7, 3.6) | 0.1 (−0.3, 0.4) | 0.15 | 0.76 |
| Appearance Orientation | 3.0 (2.5, 3.7) | 3.0 (2.5, 3.7) | 0.0 (−0.3, 0.2) | 0.35 | 3.2 (2.8, 3.5) | 3.3 (2.9, 3.8) | 0.2 (−0.2, 0.4) | 0.16 | 0.1 |
| Body areas Satisfaction | 3.0 (2.7, 3.4) | 3.3 (2.4, 3.7) | 0.2 (−0.1, 0.4) | 0.03 | 3.1 (2.7, 3.6) | 3.3 (2.8, 3.8) | 0.2 (−0.1, 0.3) | 0.02 | 0.71 |
| Overweight Preoccupation | 2.3 (1.8, 2.8) | 2.4 (1.8, 2.8) | 0.0 (−0.3, 0.5) | 0.87 | 2.5 (1.8, 3.3) | 2.6 (1.8, 3.2) | 0.0 (−0.5, 0.3) | 0.45 | 0.72 |
| Self-classified Weight 1 | 4.0 (3.4, 4.0) | 4.0 (3.0, 4.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.08 | 4.0 (3.5, 4.0) | 4.0 (3.5, 4.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.43 | 0.5 |
| SF-36 ††† | |||||||||
| Physical Functioning | 90 (75.0, 97.5) | 90 (81.3, 100.0) | 0 (0.0, 10.0) | 0.07 | 95 (80.0, 100.0) | 95 (85.0, 100.0) | 0 (−5.0, 10.0) | 0.15 | 0.44 |
| Role limitations—physical health | 100 (37.5, 100.0) | 100 (37.5, 100.0) | 0 (0.0, 25.0) | 0.45 | 100 (75.0, 100.0) | 100 (100.0, 100.0) | 0 (0.0, 0.0) | <0.001 | 0.61 |
| Pain | 80 (47.5, 100.0) | 80 (46.3, 100.0) | 0 (−10.0, 10.0) | 0.64 | 90 (60.0, 90.0) | 90 (70.0, 100.0) | 0 (−10.0, 22.5) | 0.2 | 0.51 |
| General health | 65 (45.0, 75.0) | 60 (50.0, 75.0) | 0 (−10.0, 10.0) | 0.47 | 65 (50.0, 75.0) | 75 (65.0, 85.0) | 10 (−5.0, 20.0) | <0.001 | 0.03 |
| Physical health component | 210.5 (168.5, 223.1) | 200.9 (172.9, 217.2) | −6.4 (−17.0, 4.2) | 0.09 | 213.2 (189.6, 225.1) | 216.6 (201.4, 225.3) | 2.2 (−8.1, 15.4) | 0.2 | 0.04 |
| Role limitations—emotional health | 100 (100.0, 100.0) | 100 (100.0, 100.0) | 0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.99 | 100 (100.0, 100.0) | 100 (100.0, 100.0) | 0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.1 | 0.85 |
| Energy/fatigue | 55 (40.0, 72.5) | 60 (45.0, 70.0) | 5 (−5.0, 10.0) | 0.39 | 60 (50.0, 80.0) | 70 (60.0, 80.0) | 5 (0.0, 20.0) | <0.001 | 0.02 |
| Emotional well-being | 76 (64.0, 84.0) | 80 (62.0, 86.0) | 0 (−8.0, 8.0) | 0.73 | 80 (60.0, 88.0) | 84 (72.0, 92.0) | 4 (0.0, 16.0) | 0 | 0.01 |
| Social functioning | 100 (75.0, 100.0) | 100 (75.0, 100.0) | 0 (−6.3, 0.0) | 0.97 | 100 (75.0, 100.0) | 100 (100.0, 100.0) | 0 (0.0, 25.0) | 0.02 | 0.08 |
| Mental health component | 209.1 (176.8, 222.3) | 197.9 (175.0, 217.2) | −4.0 (−26.6, 8.1) | 0.04 | 208 (181.4, 226.0) | 218.3 (201.4, 226.8) | 1.9 (−6.9, 19.1) | 0.09 | 0.01 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or medians and interquartile ranges (IQR). 1 There were no significant between-group differences in baseline values; 2 median change was calculated as week 12- week 0 and is presented as median change (IQR); 3 within-group comparisons were performed using paired sample t test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test (p < 0.05); 4 between-group comparisons were made using Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables (p < 0.05); 5 n = 57 (LPD (n = 27), HPD (n = 30)); * BDI-II; Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition. Scores 0–13 = minimal depression, 14–19 = mild depression, 20–28 = moderate depression, 29–63 = severe depression; ** DASS-21; Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 items. Depression score 0–9 = normal, Anxiety score 0–7 = normal, Stress score 0–14 = normal; *** PANAS; Positive and Negative Affect Scale. Higher score indicates higher positive and negative affect; † Rosenberg Self-Esteem Score; scores range from 0 to 30. Higher scores are indicative of higher self-esteem; †† MBSRQ-AS; Multi-Dimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire—Appearance Scales. Higher scores indicative of higher body image satisfaction; ††† Mental and physical health assessed using the RAND 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36). Physical functioning scores: “low” = limited a lot in performing all physical activities including bathing or dressing, “high” = performs all types of physical activities including the most vigorous without limitations due to health; Role limitations due to physical problems: “low” = problems with work or other daily activities as a result of physical health, “high” = no problems with work or other daily activities as result of physical health, past 4 weeks; Pain: “high” = very severe and extremely limiting pain, “low” = no pain or limitations due to pain, past 4 weeks; General health perceptions: “high” = believes personal health is poor and likely to get worse, “low” = believes personal health is excellent. Physical health component = sum of physical functioning, role limitations—physical health, pain and general health. Role limitations due to emotional problems: “high” = problems with work or other daily activities as a result of emotional problems, “low” = no problems with work or other daily activities as result of emotional problems, past 4 weeks; Energy/fatigue: “low” = feels tired and worn out all of the time, “low” = feels full of pep and energy all of the time, past 4 weeks; Emotional well-being: “high” = feelings of nervousness and depression all of the time, “low” = feels peaceful, happy and calm all of the time, past 4 weeks; Social functioning: “low” = extreme and frequent interference with normal social activities due to physical and emotional problems, “high” = performs normal social activities without interference due to physical or emotional problems, past 4 weeks. Mental health component = sum of role limitations—emotional health, energy/fatigue, emotional well-being and social functioning.