Table 2.
Energy and nutrient intakes and nutrient density/diet quality scores (NRF and HEI) for coffee consumers (N = 8551) and non-consumers (N = 6314), NHANES 2011–2016.
| Mean (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 Energy-Adjusted a | Model 2 Multivariable-Adjusted b | |||
| Coffee Consumer (n = 8551) | Non-Consumer (n = 6314) | Coffee Consumer (n = 8551) | Non-Consumer (n = 6314) | |
| Calories, kcal/day | 2065 (2039, 2091) *** | 2118 (2091, 2145) | 2089 (2068, 2111) | 2082 (2061, 2105) |
| Macronutrients | ||||
| Protein, g/day | 81.2 (80.2, 82.2) | 79.9 (78.9, 81) | 81.1 (80.2, 82) | 80 (78.9, 81.1) |
| Carbohydrate, g/day | 235.4 (233.4, 237.4) *** | 244.4 (242.3, 246.6) | 235.7 (234.1, 237.3) *** | 244.1 (241.7, 246.4) |
| Added sugar, teaspoon/day | 14.6 (14.2, 15) *** | 16.5 (16, 17) | 14.8 (14.5, 15.2) *** | 16.1 (15.6, 16.6) |
| Total fat, g/day | 77.2 (76.6, 77.9) *** | 75.5 (74.7, 76.2) | 77 (76.5, 77.6) ** | 75.8 (75, 76.6) |
| PUFA, g/day | 24.9 (24.7, 25.2) *** | 24.3 (24, 24.7) | 24.8 (24.6, 25) * | 24.5 (24.2, 24.8) |
| MUFA, g/day | 27.2 (27, 27.5) *** | 26.4 (26.1, 26.7) | 27.2 (26.9, 27.4) ** | 26.5 (26.2, 26.9) |
| SFA, g/day | 18.2 (18, 18.4) *** | 17.7 (17.5, 18) | 18.2 (18, 18.3) * | 17.8 (17.6, 18.1) |
| Solid fat, g/day | 32.8 (32.3, 33.3) *** | 31.7 (31.1, 32.2) | 32.7 (32.3, 33.2) ** | 31.8 (31.3, 32.3) |
| Other dietary constituents | ||||
| Caffeine, mg/day | 238.8 (230.6, 247.0) *** | 63.9 (57.9, 69.8) *** | 233.0 (226.5, 239.6) *** | 72.3 (66.4, 78.2) |
| Calcium, mg/day | 948.3 (935.4, 961.2) | 941.8 (920, 963.6) | 940.5 (928.1, 953) | 953.2 (933.1, 973.2) |
| Potassium, mg/day | 2787.6 (2753.4, 2821.7) *** | 2466.6 (2429.1, 2504.1) | 2742.2 (2713.9, 2770.5) *** | 2533.2 (2497.4, 2569.1) |
| Magnesium, mg/day | 313.2 (308.3, 318.1) *** | 285.7 (281.2, 290.3) | 309.4 (305, 313.8) *** | 291.3 (286.5, 296) |
| Vitamin C, mg/day | 81.3 (78.5, 84.1) ** | 86.4 (82.4, 90.5) | 80 (77.5, 82.4) *** | 88.4 (84.3, 92.6) |
| Vitamin D, mcg/day | 4.8 (4.6, 4.9) | 4.6 (4.4, 4.8) | 4.7 (4.5, 4.8) | 4.7 (4.5, 4.9) |
| Sodium, mg/day | 3397.3 (3365.5, 3429) | 3436.6 (3397.5, 3475.7) | 3400.7 (3372.1, 3429.3) | 3431.6 (3393.4, 3469.7) |
| Cholesterol, mcg/day | 290.8 (284.5, 297) *** | 273.9 (268.8, 279.1) | 291.1 (285.1, 297) *** | 273.5 (267.9, 279.1) |
| Alcohol, g/day | 9.5 (8.7, 10.3) *** | 7.1 (6.4, 7.8) | 9.6 (8.9, 10.2) *** | 7 (6.2, 7.8) |
| Nutrient density/diet quality | ||||
| NRF9.3 | 436.2 (430.2, 442.1) *** | 414.3 (407.8, 420.7) | 430 (424.7, 435.2) | 423.4 (416.9, 429.9) |
| HEI-2015 | 52.9 (52.3, 53.5) *** | 50.4 (49.8, 50.9) | 52.3 (51.9, 52.8) ** | 51.2 (50.6, 51.8) |
Abbreviations: MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFA saturated fatty acids; NRF Nutrient Rich Food Index; HEI-2015 Healthy Eating Index. a Adjusted for energy. Analyses of energy are not energy-adjusted. b Adjusted for energy, age, gender, race/ethnicity and family income to poverty ratio. Asterisks indicate p-value comparing coffee consumers to non-consumers; *** p < 0.001; ** 0.001 < p < 0.01; * 0.01 < p < 0.05.