Figure 5. Synchronized Neuronal/Astrocytic Ca²⁺ and HbT Responses to 5-Hz Fast Sensory Stimulation (0.3 ms and 3 mA and 10 s).

(A–C) Neuronal Ca²⁺, CBF, and angiographic images.

(D–F) Astrocytic Ca²⁺, CBF, and angiographic images.

(G) Time-lapse neuronal or astrocyte Ca²⁺ elevations; the red and purple arrows point to the early phase of the fast process and later phase of slow cumulative somatic responses.

(H–L) Simultaneous acquisition of averaged time-lapse neuronal or astrocytic Ca²⁺ and hemodynamic (ΔCBF, ΔHbT, and ΔD/D) responses to fast stimulation (6 unaveraged traces in the dashed box in I), showing fast processes Ca²⁺).

(M) Correlations of neuronal or astrocytic Ca²⁺ with ΔCBF, ΔHbT, ΔD/D during and after stimulation. The findings for the astrocytic Ca²⁺ elevations to 5-Hz stimulation at baseline and after topical cortical injection of Cbx and CPA, along with the corresponding neuronal Ca²⁺ changes, are shown in Figure S5.