Figure 3.

Mean electroscutumography (ESG) responses of ticks (N = 21) presented with butyric acid (BTA, 100 μg/μL) alone and in combination with increasing doses (100–1000 μg/μL) of a VOC: (a) phenethyl alcohol (PEA), (b) geraniol, (c) β-citronellol, and (d) citral. Response amplitude was calculated relative to hexane by dividing the responses of each tick by its mean response to hexane (control) puffs. Plots show the raw data in grey (lines connect responses from individual ticks) and in black, the back-transformed marginal means and 95% confidence intervals estimated from models that included log(relative response) as the response variable and tick number as a random blocking factor (see methods for details). Different letters indicate significant differences using Tukey’s method for multiple comparisons.