Figure 3.

Screening eight butanol subfractions of X. hominickii culture broth. (A) Inhibitory activities of the subfractions against hemocyte PLA₂ of S. exigua. (B) Inhibitory activities of the subfractions against hemocyte nodule formation. Each bacterial extract (1 µL/larva) were injected into L5 larvae along with E. coli (3 × 10⁴ cells/larva). Arachidonic acid (AA, 10 µg/larva) was injected along with the extract and E. coli. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used for solvent control. Each measurement was replicated three times with independent samplings. Different letters or asterisks above standard deviation bars indicate significant differences among means at Type I error = 0.05 (LSD test).