Figure 7.

Enhanced insecticidal activities of bacterial pathogens by two potent PLA₂ inhibitors: 3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenol (EMP) and phthalimide (PM). (A) Enhanced effect of the inhibitors on X. hominickii (Xh) pathogenicity. L5 larvae of S. exigua were hemocoelically injected with low dose (10² cfu/larva) of Xh or along with the PLA₂ inhibitors (5 µg/larva). (B) Enhanced effect of the inhibitors on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) pathogenicity. A small piece (2 cm²) of cabbage leaf was dipped in Bt (500 ppm) or a mixture with PLA₂ inhibitor (500 ppm). The treated leaves were provided to test S. exigua larvae. Each treatment was replicated three times with 10 insects per replication. Different letters above standard deviation bars represent significant differences among means at Type I error = 0.05 (LSD test). Insecticidal activity was assessed at four days after treatment (DAT).