Table 4.
Relationship of clinical and sociodemographic factors with the risk of perceiving high or moderate versus low tuberculosis stigmaa
| Unadjusted Models | Adjusted Modelb | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd Tertile | 3rd Tertile | 2nd Tertile | 3rd Tertile | |||||
| RRR (95% CI) | P Value | RRR (95% CI) | P Value | aRRR (95% CI) | P Value | aRRR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age, years | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.24 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.43 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.52 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.42 |
| Male | 1.25 (0.90–1.74) | 0.19 | 1.62 (1.17–2.25) | < 0.01 | 1.39 (0.96–2.02) | 0.08 | 1.59 (1.11–2.28) | 0.01 |
| High school education or higher | 0.97 (0.69–1.37) | 0.87 | 1.01 (0.72–1.42) | 0.94 | – | – | ||
| Unmarried | 2.17 (0.89–5.28) | 0.09 | 1.64 (0.74–3.62) | 0.22 | 2.07 (0.77–5.55) | 0.15 | 1.53 (0.66–3.56) | 0.32 |
| Has children | 0.75 (0.53–1.08) | 0.13 | 0.86 (0.60–1.23) | 0.42 | – | – | ||
| Ever used tobacco | 1.06 (0.71–1.57) | 0.78 | 1.06 (0.72–1.56) | 0.78 | – | – | ||
| Ever used alcohol | 1.14 (0.82–1.60) | 0.44 | 1.23 (0.88–1.70) | 0.22 | – | – | ||
| Partner’s HIV status | ||||||||
| Negative | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Positive | 0.63 (0.38–1.04) | 0.07 | 0.66 (0.42–1.04) | 0.07 | 0.64 (0.38–1.08) | 0.09 | 0.69 (0.43–1.12) | 0.13 |
| Unknown | 1.10 (0.75–1.61) | 0.62 | 0.79 (0.49–1.02) | 0.07 | 1.20 (0.80–1.80) | 0.39 | 0.82 (0.55–1.21) | 0.31 |
| Employed | 1.05 (0.75–1.47) | 0.79 | 1.40 (1.01–1.95) | 0.04 | 0.89 (0.42–1.90) | 0.76 | 0.81 (0.39–1.68) | 0.58 |
| Monthly income ≥2000 ZAR | 1.13 (0.80–1.59) | 0.48 | 1.54 (1.11–2.15) | 0.01 | 1.16 (0.54–2.51) | 0.70 | 1.61 (0.77–3.78) | 0.21 |
| Distance to nearest clinic ≥5 km | 0.61 (0.42–0.89) | < 0.01 | 1.02 (0.73–1.44) | 0.89 | 0.68 (0.46–1.02) | 0.07 | 1.11 (0.77–1.61) | 0.57 |
| Internet use | 1.45 (0.98–2.16) | 0.07 | 1.32 (0.90–1.93) | 0.16 | 1.38 (0.53–3.60) | 0.51 | 0.53 (0.18–1.51) | 0.23 |
| Social media use | 1.38 (0.94–2.03) | 0.10 | 1.42 (0.98–2.06) | 0.07 | 1.11 (0.44–2.80) | 0.82 | 2.58 (0.92–7.21) | 0.07 |
| Clinical | ||||||||
| Depression, PHQ-9 ≥ 5 | 1.45 (0.79–2.67) | 0.23 | 1.44 (0.79–2.62) | 0.24 | – | – | ||
| Anxiety, GAD-7 ≥ 5 | 0.91 (0.48–1.72) | 0.77 | 0.68 (0.35–1.33) | 0.26 | – | – | ||
| Prior positive HIV testc | 1.24 (0.86–1.80) | 0.25 | 0.81 (0.55–1.18) | 0.27 | – | – | ||
| Prior positive TB test | 0.85 (0.42–1.71) | 0.65 | 1.31 (0.71–2.45) | 0.39 | – | – | ||
| HIV positive at enrollment | 1.19 (0.86–1.67) | 0.30 | 0.80 (0.58–1.10) | 0.17 | – | – | ||
| TB Knowledge | ||||||||
| Awareness of cause | 1.39 (0.98–1.96) | 0.07 | 1.11 (0.79–1.56) | 0.54 | 1.33 (0.93–1.91) | 0.12 | 1.08 (0.76–1.54) | 0.68 |
| Awareness of transmission | 1.35 (0.85–2.15) | 0.20 | 1.62 (1.01–2.60) | 0.04 | 1.38 (0.84–2.25) | 0.20 | 1.90 (1.16–3.10) | 0.01 |
aStigma is categorized into tertiles: low (0–16, N = 313), moderate (17–21, N = 256), high (22–36, N = 279)
bAdjusted for age, sex, marital status, partner’s HIV status, employment, income, distance to nearest clinic, internet use, social media use, knowledge of TB cause and transmission. Total N = 793
cImputed results are presented
Abbreviations: aRRR adjusted relative risk ratio, CI confidence interval, GAD-7 Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; km – kilometers, RRR relative risk ratio, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9, ZAR South African rand