Fig. 2.

Effects of DMF treatment on NTG-induced hyperalgesia. In tail flick test, DMF treatment at 30 and 100 mg/kg administered after NTG vehicle, caused a significant increase in tail curling latency (a) respect to NTG group (a); F values for treatment = 77.24. F value for time = 6.749. In Hot plate test, i.p. injection of NTG increased thermal hypersensitivity in a time-dependent manner (b), while DMF treatment, at both doses of 30 and 100 mg/kg, significantly increased the latency time to pain reaction related to the increase in time up to 240 min after NTG injection (b); F value = 8.468. In formalin test, NTG administration significantly increased the total number of flinches/shakes in phase I and II respect to control groups (c, d), while DMF treatment at 30 and 100 mg/kg significantly alleviated the nociceptive behavior induced by NTG administration during phase I and II of the test (c, d); F value (c) = 241.4; F value (d) = 148.3. Data are means ± SEM of 20 mice for each group. One-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-test. ***p < 0.001 and **p < 0.01 vs. Sham; ##p < 0.01 and ###p < 0.001vs. NTG. °°°p < 0.001, °°p < 0.01, and °p < 0.001 vs. Sham