TABLE 1.

Details of the original research articles discussing driving in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES)

1st author/Year/Country	Study type	Methods	Results	Class of evidence
Benbadis/ 2000/ USA	Survey & cross‐sectional study	Survey of 37 physician‐members of the American Epilepsy Society & study of a population of 20 patients with PNES, comparing driving records over a 5‐year period with general population accident rates.	49% of survey respondents applied the same restrictions for PNES as for epilepsy; 32% did not place patients with PNES under any restrictions; 19% decided on a case‐by‐case basis. The retrospective study of 20 PwPNES captured a total of 8 accidents, with no fatal crashes. The accident rate in this population did not exceed that in the general population.	IV
Specht/2009/Germany	Survey	Email survey of 34 German epileptologists.	Same restrictions as stipulated for patients with epilepsy endorsed by 32.4% of respondents; no restrictions at all by 0%; decision on an individualized basis by 67.6%.	IV
Morrison/2011/ UK	Survey	54 members of the Association of British Neurologists	68% of epilepsy specialists recommended driving restrictions for PNES. Two respondents reported patients with PNES‐related motor accidents.	IV
Sahaya/2012/ USA	Survey	Questionnaire study of 115 healthcare professionals exploring views about PNES	Only 15% of the participants favored unrestricted driving by patients with PNES in those with active seizure disorders.	IV
Jirsch/2015/ Canada	Cross‐sectional	Patients attending a rapid‐referral first seizure clinic were entered into the study if they held a valid driver's licence and were considered medically unfit to drive according to national guidelines for driving licensure due to having experienced a seizure or an unexplained episode of lost consciousness.	106 of 192 (55%) patients attending clinic met guideline criteria requiring driver fitness counseling. 89 patients (46%) were considered medically unfit to drive following initial specialist consultation. Among those considered medically unfit to drive, 73% were ultimately thought to have experienced an epileptic seizure and 27% a non‐epileptic event (eg, syncope, PNES).	IV
Vaidya‐Mathur/2016/ USA	Survey	141 patients with PNES completed a questionnaire to assess their socialization practices and perceived barriers to socialization.	Driving prohibition was the most commonly endorsed barrier to socializing.	IV
Mahmud/2017/ USA	Survey	41 neurologists were surveyed about the length of their recommended driving restrictions for patients with suspected seizures.	The majority recommended driving restriction of <12 mo for PNES.	IV
Farooq/2018/ USA	Survey	75 electronic questionnaires were sent to neurologists and family medicine physicians to assess their opinion regarding driving risk in PNES.	8.3% endorsed a belief that these patients should drive without restrictions. 93% felt having guidelines would help them assess the driving risk in this population.	IV