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. 2020 Jun 9;5(3):371–385. doi: 10.1002/epi4.12408

TABLE 3.

Experts' opinions about driving and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES)

Number (%)
Should all patients with PNES, with or without active psychogenic seizures, be allowed to drive without any conditions?
  • Yes: 1 (4)

  • No: 21 (81)

  • Not sure: 4 (15)

If all patients with PNES should be allowed to drive without any conditions, which of the following reasons lead you to this conclusion? (You may select both)
  • In my clinical experience, these patients do not have accidents driving: 1 (4)

  • I'm not aware of any evidence that patients with PNES are at increased risk of driving accidents: 4 (15)

  • Skipped: 21 (81)

If patients with PNES should not be allowed to drive, which of the following statements do you endorse?
  • There should be restrictions on driving for some individuals with PNES: 23 (88)

  • None of the individuals with active PNES (Patients with seizures) should be allowed to drive: 2 (8)

  • Skipped: 1 (4)

If individuals with PNES should not be allowed to drive, please specify your definition of “active PNES”: How long do people need to be PNES‐free before they should be considered not to have “active PNES”?
  • 1 mo: 2 (8)

  • 3 mo: 4 (15)

  • 6 mo: 9 (35)

  • 12 mo: 3 (12)

  • 24 mo: 1 (4)

  • More than 24 mo: 0

  • Skipped: 7 (27)

If there should be restrictions on driving for some individuals with PNES, which patients with PNES should not be allowed to drive? (You can select more than one choice)
  • Patients with loss of responsiveness (with preserved awareness) with their seizures: 16 (62)

  • Patients with loss of consciousness with their seizures: 21 (81)

  • Patients with memory gaps with or after their seizures: 7 (27)

  • Patients with no auras, warnings or otherwise predictable seizures: 16 (62)

  • Patients with prolonged seizures (more than 5 min): 7 (27)

  • Patients with motor seizures: 9 (35)

  • Patients with akinetic (dialeptic) seizures: 9 (35)

  • Patients with history of PNES‐related injuries: 17 (65)

  • Patients with daily seizures: 10 (38)

  • Patients with weekly seizures: 9 (35)

  • On medication(s) that significantly impair driving ability: 18 (69)

  • Patients who want to be commercial drivers: 14 (54)

  • Patients driving with passengers in the car: 7 (27)

  • Patients with active suicidal intent: 16 (62)

  • Skipped: 1 (4)

Are there any circumstances in which patients with PNES should be allowed to drive?
  • PNES happen exclusively at times when person not driving (eg, at night in bed): 19 (73)

  • PNES are always triggered by a factor that would not be encountered in a car (eg, meeting the perpetrator of a crime against the person): 12 (46)

  • PNES are preceded by a sufficiently long prodrome allowing the person to pull a car out of traffic and make themselves safe: 14 (56)

  • Skipped: 3 (12)