Table 1.
Characteristics of included articles.
| Authors | Year of publication | Study name | Country | Ethnic groups | N at inclusion | Age at inclusion | Length of follow-up | Loss of follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altschul et al. [14] | 2018 | Lothian Birth Cohort of 1936 (LBC1936) | UK | Caucasian | 1091 | >68 | 13 years | 543 |
| Bangen et al. [13] | 2015 | Washington Heights – Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP) | USA | American | 1493 + 448 | >65 years | 6 years | 448 |
| Espeland et al. [16] | 2011 | The Women’s Health Initiative Study on Cognitive Aging (WHISCA) | USA | American | 2304 | >65 years | 5 years | 141 |
| Formiga et al. [11] | 2014 | Octabaix Study | Spain | Spanish, Caucasian | 328 | >85 years | 2 years | 167 |
| Hassing et al. [21] | 2004 | Origins of variance in the old-old (OCTO-Twin Study) | Sweden | Caucasian | 274 | >80 years | 6 years | – |
| Logroscino et al. [17] | 2004 | The nurses’ health Study | USA | American | 18999 | >70 years | 2 years | 2403 |
| Marseglia et al. [10] | 2019 | Swedish National Study on Aging and Care-Kungsholmen (SNAC-K) | Sweden | Caucasian | 2746 | >60 | median 6.4 years | 1104 |
| Mayeda et al. [27] | 2015 | The Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (SALSA) | USA | Latino | 1789 | >60 years | Median 7.6 years | 707 |
| Okereke et al. [18] | 2008 | The Physicians’ Health Study and the Women’s Health Study | USA | American | 12330 | >65 years | 2 years | Men 714 Women 685 |
| Pappas et al. [19] | 2016 | HRS (the Health and Retirement Study) | USA | Caucasian, African American | 4419 | >65 years | 6 years | – |
| Rouch et al. [7] | 2012 | The PROOF study | France | Caucasian | 1100 | >65 years | 8 years | 937 |
| Samaras et al. [8] | 2014 | The Sydney Memory and Ageing Study | Australia | Caucasian | 1037 | >70 years | 2 years | 157 |
| Wennberg et al. [20] | 2017 | NHATS (the National Health and Aging Trends Study) | USA | Caucasian, African American, Hispanic | 7605 | >65 years | 4 years | 4093 |
| Wessels et al. [15] | 2011 | Diabetes and cognitive decline in elderly African Americans: A 15-year follow-up study | USA | African american | 2212 | >65 years | 15 years | 508 |
| Wu et al. [12] | 2003 | The Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (SALSA) | USA | Latino | 1789 | >60 years | 2 years | – |
| Xu et al. [9] | 2010 | The Kungsholmen Project | Sweden | Caucasian | 1435 | >75 years | 9 years | 235 |
| Yaffe et al. [26] | 2012 | Health, Aging, and Body composition (Health ABC) Study | USA | African American, Caucasian | 3075 | >70 years | 10 years | 6 |