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Immunostimulatory features of various types of proticles. Human PBMCs were cultivated for 24 h in the presence of either proticles (‘protamine-mRNA NPs,’ 1 µg of mRNA, and 3 µg of protamine per well) or protamine alone (3 µg per well). Supernatants were analyzed by ELISA for their IFN-α content. Data represent triplicate mean values; error bars: SD.
