Table 1. Baseline characteristics of 2,338 study subjects across alcohol consumption groups.
| Variables | Lifetime | Former | Average alcohol consumption (g/day) | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| abstainer | drinker | 0.1–5 | 6–15 | 16–30 | 31–60 | >60 | for trend | |
| Number of subjects (%) | 1138 (48.7) | 149 (6.4) | 382 (16.3) | 255 (10.9) | 175 (7.5) | 130 (5.6) | 109 (4.7) | |
| Age, years | 52.5±9.5 | 56.5±8.9 | 50.8±8.9 | 50.9±9.1 | 50.9±8.3 | 50.9±9.5 | 52.5±9.6 | <0.01 |
| Men, % | 25.5 | 85.2 | 46.6 | 81.2 | 89.2 | 93.9 | 97.3 | <0.001 |
| Low household incomea, % | 38.6 | 49.7 | 32.9 | 30.6 | 28.0 | 29.2 | 48.6 | 0.08 |
| Office workers, % | 4.9 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 11.4 | 9.1 | 10.8 | 9.2 | <0.001 |
| Education >9 years, % | 41.0 | 37.6 | 48.2 | 54.9 | 53.7 | 49.2 | 46.8 | <0.001 |
| Married, % | 88.2 | 91.3 | 91.1 | 93.7 | 93.1 | 95.4 | 92.7 | <0.001 |
| Current smokers, % | 14.4 | 49.7 | 26.7 | 48.6 | 55.4 | 63.1 | 67.0 | <0.001 |
| Family history of diabetes mellitus, % | 8.8 | 5.4 | 9.2 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 4.6 | 11.0 | 0.54 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 21.2±1.3 | 21.0±1.4 | 21.3±1.3 | 21.2±1.4 | 21.2±1.4 | 21.2±1.4 | 21.1±1.4 | 0.84 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 73.8±6.4 | 76.6±5.5 | 74.1±5.8 | 75.5±5.5 | 75.9±5.3 | 77.4±4.8 | 77.4±5.9 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity, MET-hours/d | 30.5±15.6 | 35.3±17.0 | 32.2±15.7 | 32.1±15.9 | 32.2±16.1 | 34.2±17.3 | 38.7±17.8 | <0.001 |
| Dietary calorie intake, kcal/d | 1812±616 | 1869±696 | 1856±578 | 1897±523 | 1867±477 | 1960±582 | 1935±665 | <0.05 |
| Biochemical assays | ||||||||
| Glucose, mg/dL | 84.9±7.7 | 87.0±9.0 | 85.9±8.3 | 87.4±8.4 | 87.8±8.9 | 88.0±9.2 | 90.4±9.3 | <0.001 |
| Insulin, μU/mL | 6.68±4.67 | 6.42±4.09 | 6.33±3.15 | 6.06±5.11 | 5.62±2.62 | 5.36±2.70 | 5.40±2.65 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.41±1.05 | 1.39±0.88 | 1.35±0.71 | 1.31±1.08 | 1.23±0.62 | 1.17±0.59 | 1.22±0.63 | <0.01 |
| HOMA-β | 123.1±126.3 | 108.1±91.1 | 110.9±66.4 | 100.4±100.7 | 90.5±53.4 | 93.1±73.8 | 77.3±44.2 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 190.1±32.9 | 189.6±35.7 | 187.4±34.0 | 189.6±32.9 | 189.6±33.4 | 187.7±37.0 | 184.3±36.0 | 0.49 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 52.4±11.9 | 52.6±12.9 | 53.4±12.4 | 54.7±12.4 | 56.9±14.2 | 54.4±11.9 | 59.3±15.8 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 111.7±62.6 | 133.1±94.5 | 110.4±61.1 | 116.6±63.9 | 130.4±109.6 | 141.1±86.9 | 153.3±152.6 | <0.001 |
| γ-Glutamyl transferase, mU/mL | 19.3±21.7 | 47.5±86.1 | 28.0±50.2 | 38.5±53.0 | 44.6±64.0 | 84.3±192.8 | 103.7±174.6 | <0.001 |
MET-hours, Metabolic equivalent score; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell. Data are means±standard deviations or proportions.
a Monthly income <106 Won.