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. 2020 Sep 2;10(9):e038187. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038187

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Associations of GWG with pregnancy outcomes. (A) Associations of early GWG (≤17 weeks) with pregnancy outcomes. (B) Associations of late GWG (>17 weeks) with pregnancy outcomes. (C) Associations of total GWG with pregnancy outcomes. Average GWG group as the reference. ^a1The analysis was adjusted for maternal age, parity, prepregnancy BMI and length of gestation. ^b1The analysis was adjusted for parity, prepregnancy BMI, fetal sex, GDM and PIH. ^c1The analysis was adjusted for prepregnancy BMI, fetal sex, alcohol/tobacco use, length of gestation, GDM and PIH. ^d1The analysis was adjusted for maternal age, alcohol/tobacco use, GDM and PIH. ^a2The analysis was adjusted for maternal age and prepregnancy BMI. ^b2The analysis was adjusted for parity, prepregnancy BMI, fetal sex and length of gestation. ^c2The analysis was adjusted for maternal age, parity, prepregnancy BMI, GDM and PIH. ^d2The analysis was adjusted for parity, prepregnancy BMI, fetal sex, GDM and PIH. ^e2The analysis was adjusted for parity, prepregnancy BMI, alcohol/tobacco use, length of gestation, GDM and PIH. ^f2The analysis was adjusted for maternal age, alcohol/tobacco use and length of gestation. ^a3The analysis was adjusted for maternal age, parity, prepregnancy BMI, alcohol/tobacco use and fetal sex. ^b3The analysis was adjusted for parity, prepregnancy BMI and length of gestation. ^c3The analysis was adjusted for parity, prepregnancy BMI, length of gestation, GDM and PIH. ^d3The analysis was adjusted for maternal age, parity and length of gestation. ^e3The analysis was adjusted for prepregnancy BMI, fetal sex, length of gestation, GDM and PIH. BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GWG, gestational weight gain; LGA, large for gestational age; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; PIH, pregnancy-induced hypertension; SGA, small for gestational age.