FIG 4.

Upregulation of nasal cytokines in RSV-infected older adults. A multiplex immunoassay was used to determine the nasal concentration of IFN-β (A), IFN-λ1 (B), IFN-λ2/3 (C), IFN-γ (D), IL-1β (E), TNF-α (F), IL-6 (G), IL-10 (H), CXCL8 (I), and CXCL10 (J). Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from study participants within 72 h of presenting with fever (acute RSV; n = 10) and controls without respiratory viral infection (healthy; n = 10). Samples were taken from RSV-infected individuals again during recovery, 8 weeks later (recovery; n = 10). Data points represent individual participants, and lines indicate geometric mean concentrations and 95% confidence intervals. Measurements below the detection limit were set to 0.5 times the lower limit of detection. Unpaired samples from healthy and acutely RSV-infected individuals were compared using a nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. Paired samples from individuals during acute RSV infection and recovery were compared using a nonparametric Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ns, not significant. Dotted lines indicate the lower limit of detection. IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.