. 2019 Jul 2;44(5):747–755. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.06.006

Table 6.

Change of DNA methylation, ginsenosides yields and plant ontogeny characteristics after different cold exposure durations

Cold exposure duration	Rhizomes	Early leaves	Final roots	Plant ontogeny characteristics
Cold exposure duration	5-methylcytosine (%)	5-methylcytosine (%)	Ginsenosides (mg)	Plant ontogeny characteristics
No cold exposure (CE-0)	17.16 ± 0.39	--	--	No plants sprouted
Nov (CE-1)	19.77 ± 0.44	17.88 ± 0.36	--	A very few plants sprouted but died rapidly
Nov to Dec (CE-2)	23.25 ± 0.71	17.09 ± 0.47	90.79 ± 4.09	Partial plants sprouted but prematured early
Nov to Jan (CE-3)	23.38 ± 0.68	15.78 ± 0.22	168.95 ± 9.79	Most plant sprouted but prematured early
Nov to Feb (CE-4)	23.15 ± 0.77	14.27 ± 0.42	188.75 ± 11.41	Most plant sprouted but prematured early
Natural temperature (CE-N)	17.34 ± 0.56	12.63 ± 0.31	311.38 ± 12.33	Normal sprouted, flowered and fruited

Rhizomes are sampled at the end of Oct (CE-0), Nov (CE-1), Dec (CE-2), Jan (CE-3), Feb (CE-4), Mar (CE-N); early leaves are sampled at the fifth day after seedling sprouted; final roots are sampled at the final plant harvest day on 8 October 2017.