Table 3.

Detection of tick-borne pathogens or their DNA/RNA in adult questing Dermacentor silvarum

Pathogen	Disease	Method	Country	References
Viruses
Blacklegged tick phlebovirus		D	China	Meng et al. (2019)
Deer tick Mononegavirales-like virus		D	China	Meng et al. (2019)
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus	Lymphocytic choriomeningitis	D	China	Zhang et al. (2018)
Powassan virus	Encephalitis	D	Russia	Leonova et al. (2009)
Tick-borne encephalitis virus	Tick-borne encephalitis	P	Russia	Zhmaeva and Pchelkina (1967b)
		D	Russia	Shchuchinova et al. (2015)
		D	Russia	Verkhozina et al. (2017)
		D	Russia	Pukhovskaya et al. (2018)
		D	Russia	Kholodilov et al. (2019)
		D	China	He et al. (2018)
Bacteria
Anaplasma phagocytophilum	Human granulocytic anaplasmosis	D	Russia	Doroshchenko et al. (2019)
		D	China	Jiang et al. (2011)
		D	China	Wei et al. (2016)
		D	China	Cao et al. (2006)
Borrelia burgdorferi s.l.	Lyme borreliosis	D	Russia	Leonova et al. (2015)
		D	Russia	Dragomeretskaya et al. (2018)
		D	Russia	Pukhovskaya et al. (2019)
B. miyamotoi		D	Russia	Dragomeretskaya et al. (2018)
Coxiella burnetii	Q fever	P	Russia	Zhmaeva and Pchelkina (1967a)
Ehrlichia chaffeensis/E. muris-FL	Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis	D	Russia	Leonova et al. (2015)
Francisella tularensis	Tularaemia		Russia	Olsufiev and Petrov (1967)
			Russia	Balashov (1972)
			Russia	Filippova (1997)
			Russia	Kudryavtseva et al. (2018)
		D	China	Zhang et al. (2008)
Rickettsia raoultii	TIBOLA/DEBONELa	D	China	Tian et al. (2012)
		D	China	Wen et al. (2014)
		D	China	Liu et al. (2016)
		D	China	Han et al. (2018)
		D	Russia	Mediannikov et al. (2008)
		D	Russia	Igolkina et al. (2018)
R. heilongjiangensis	Far Eastern spotted fever	P	China	Sun et al. (2015) (review)
R. sibirica	North Asian/Siberian tick typhus	P	Russia	Korshunova (1967)
		D	Russia	Shulunov et al. (2007)
R. slovaca		D	China	Tian et al. (2012)
Rickettsia sp. DnS14	TIBOLA/DEBONELa	D	Russia	Shulunov et al. (2007)
Rickettsia sp. DnS28	TIBOLA/DEBONELa	D	Russia	Shulunov et al. (2007)
Candidatus R. tarasevichiae	Unnamed rickettsiosis	D	Russia	Igolkina et al. (2018)
Candidatus R. gannanii Y27		D	China	Han et al. (2018)
Candidatus R. tibetani		D	China	Han et al. (2018)
Piroplasmorida (Protozoa)
Babesia venatorum	Babesiosis	D	China	Jia et al. (2018)
B. motasi-like	Babesiosis	D	China	Niu et al. (2016)

Method indicates isolation of the tick-borne pathogen (P) or detection of its DNA/RNA (D)

^aTick-borne lymphadenopathy/Dermacentor-borne necrosis erythema and lymphadenopathy