Table 3.

Prevalence of pigmented lesions and skin cancer in participants in golf, cricket and surfing

Study	Quality rating	Sport	Region	N	Measures	Outcomes
del Boz et al. [73]	4	Golf	Spain	195	Physical examinations	Actinic keratosis was found in 40%; clinical suspicion of BCC in 7.7% Atypical nevi in 7.7%, SCC in 2.1%, melanoma in 1.5%
Noble-Jerks et al. [62]	4	Cricket	Australia	164	Questionnaires about lifetime diagnosis of skin cancer	38.4% (63) had at least one skin cancer
Dozier et al. [63]	3	Surf	Texas, USA	49 surfers, 60 controls	Physical examinations	AK 20 surfers; 8 controls (not significant) Atypical nevi 18 surfers; 6 controls (not significant) BCC 8 surfers; 1 control p < 0.047
Climstein et al. [60]	4	Surf	Australia	1348	Questionnaires about lifetime diagnosis of skin cancer	184 (13.6%) participants reported skin cancer. Higher relative risk (p < 0.001) in competitive vs recreational surfers (odds ratio 1.74 (CI 1.28–2.31)). BCC was the most frequent skin cancer reported (6.8%), followed by melanoma (1.4%) and SCC (0.6%)
Zink et al. [61]	4	Ski guides	Switzerland	62	Physical examinations	22 (35.4%) AK, 4 BCC (6.4%), 1 SCC (1.6%)

Quality rating is based on the robustness of the type of study performed, sample size, and strength of the measured outcomes

BCC basal cell carcinoma, SCC squamous cell carcinoma, AK actinic keratosis