Figure 1.

Comparison of common research models of glioma: A. Cell line models are divided into 2D ex vivo models and vivo models. Although they are easily accessible and cost-effective, 2D ex vivo models lack a 3D TME, and neither model type can recapitulate the characteristics of the parental tumour; B. Genetically engineered mouse models are conducive to studying specific gene mutations, but the characteristics of the parental tumour are not maintained; C. Patient-derived xenotransplantation models can recapitulate the characteristics of the parental tumour, but challenges include high cost, a time-consuming approach and varying transplant rates; D. 3D-bioprinting models can recapitulate the characteristics of the parental tumour and tumour structures and have the potential advantage of biophysical manipulation.