Figure 3.

The maturation of DCs and IL-1α/β mediated by CARD9. The synthesis of IL-1α/β involves two signals, signal 1 comes from ITAM-Syk-mediated pro-IL-1α/β synthesis, and signal 2 comes from Syk-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Bioactive IL-1α/β can prime T cells via IL-1R1-MyD88 pathway (A). Immature DCs can recognize and take up pathogens, initiating the innate immunity. The maturation of DCs requires CARD9, and mature DCs could present antigens to naïve T cells and induce their differentiation, thus mediating the adaptive immunity (B).