Table 1.

Mutation of the CARD9 signaling pathway and fungal or bacterial diseases

PRRs	PAMP Ligands	Correlated Pathogens	Diseases and Characteristics Associated with the Immunodeficiency or Mutation	References
Dectin-1	β-glucan	C. albicans	Candidiasis, colitis; impaired recruitment of myeloid cells	[33]
		S. cerevisiae	IBD	[123]
		C. posadasii	Coccidioidomycosis	[124]
		A. fumigatus	Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis	[125,126]
		P. carinii	Pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia in HIV patients; impaired functions of alveolar macrophages	[127]
Dectin-2	α-mannose	C. albicans	Candidiasis, colitis; impaired IL-1β and IL-23 secretion and Th17 cell differentiation	[128]
	α-mannose	A. fumigatus	Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA)	[126]
	O-linked mannobiose-rich glycoprotein	Malassezia	Skin diseases	[29]
	Msg/gpA and β-glucans	P. carinii	Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP); decreased production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α	[129]
Dectin-3	α-mannose	C. albicans	Candidiasis, colitis	[28]
	TDM	M. tuberculosis	Tuberculosis	[130]
		C. tropicalis	Colitis	[131]
	Glucuronoxylomannan (GXM)	C. neoformans and C. gattii	Meningoencephalitis and pneumonia; abolished proinflammatory cytokine production	[104]
Mincle	α-mannose	C. albicans	Candidiasis, colitis	[132]
	TDM	M. tuberculosis	Tuberculosis	[45]
	Glyceroglycolipid and unique mannosyl fatty acids	Malassezia	Skin diseases	[133,134]
TLR2	Bacterial peptidoglycan	Bacteria	Reduced TNF-α produced by TLR2-/- macrophages	[135]
	Bacterial lipoprotein	Gram-negative bacteria		[135]
	Zymosan	A. fumigatus	Impaired production of TNF-α, IL-12, and MIP-2-α	[135-137]
TLR4	LPS	Gram-negative pathogens		[136]
	Cryptococcal polysaccharide	C. neoformans		[136]
	Aspergillus hyphae	A. fumigatus	Invasive aspergillosis; chronic pulmonary aspergillosis; impaired production of TNF and IL-1 from macrophages	[137,138]
TLR9	Fungal DNA	C. albicans, A. fumigatus, C. neoformans		[69,139-141]