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. 2020 Sep 3;12(5):1141–1154. doi: 10.1007/s12551-020-00747-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Schematics of measuring the mechanical function of the φ29 bacteriophage portal motor (Smith et al. 2001). The force generated by the DNA-packaging portal motor is transmitted, via the dsDNA molecule, to an optically trapped latex bead attached to the free DNA end, allowing for the measurement of the force. This particular packaging motor stalls at a force of about 60 pN