The changes in gut microbiota in the three groups. a Taxonomic cladogram derived from LEfSe analysis of 16S sequences. Red shaded areas indicate control-enriched taxa, green shaded areas indicate DM-enriched taxa, and blue shaded areas indicate DM + AB-enriched taxa. b–e Subgroup sequencing analysis of gut microbiota. Class A indicates the control group, Class B indicates the DM group, and Class C indicates the DM + AB group. The solid and dashed lines indicate the average and median relative abundance, respectively. b The relative abundance of Blautia in the gut microbiota of the three groups. c The relative abundance of Roseburia in the gut microbiota of the three groups. d The relative abundance of Paraprevotella in the gut microbiota of the three groups. e The relative abundance of Bacteroides in the gut microbiota of the three groups.