Effect of the overexpression of TSPO on the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. a The overexpression of TSPO by plasmid transfection. A10 cells were transfected with GFP-tagged TSPO plasmid encoding TSPO protein or an empty vector plasmid. At 48 h after transfection, the cells were harvested and subjected to further assays. TSPO expression was determined by WB (n = 6). b The cellular localization of overexpressed TSPO. Immunofluorescence staining revealed the colocation of TSPO (green) and Mito-Tracker (red) in A10 cells (n = 6). c, d The effect of the overexpression of TSPO on the proliferation of A10 cells. c Cell counting was performed 0, 24, 48, and 72 h after TSPO plasmid transfection (n = 5). d The MTT assay was performed 48 h after transfection (n = 6). e, f The effect of the overexpression of TSPO on the migration of A10 cells 48 h after transfection. e, f Cell migration was assessed by the transwell and wound-healing assays. Representative images and statistical graphs are presented (n = 10; *P < 0.05 vs. vector groups)