Table 2.

Summary of pre-clinical animal studies comparing vitamin C brain distribution between gender groups.

Study/Year	Health status/condition	Brian region differences	Result
Ferris et al. (1995)	Ischemia	The prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum	Female rats had lower basal brain ascorbate concentrations. Cerebellum and hippocampus concentrations only fell in males following ischemia.
Kume-Kick et al. (1996)	Ischemia/ gonadectomy	Frontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum	Ischemia-induced losses in the brain ascorbate greater in males than females. After gonadectomy, increased ascorbate loss was seen in all-female brain regions.
Kuo et al. (1979)	Ischemia/ gonadectomy	Frontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum	Gender differences in brain ascorbate contentwere absent before puberty and persisted only in cortex in aging rats. Estradiol replacement. Ovariectomy prevented enhanced ischemia-induced ascorbate loss in the female hippocampus.
Dorner et al. (2007)	Induced Huntington’s disease	Striatum	Male mice decreased in striatal ascorbate during behavioral activation.
Kuo et al. (2004)	Not specified	Not specified	The male mouse brain exhibited more ascorbate vitamin C receptors than the female brain.
Kume-Kick and Rice (1998)	Ischemia/ gonadectomy	Frontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum	Gender differences in brain ascorbate content were absent before puberty and persisted only in cortex in aging rats. Estradiol replacement. Ovariectomy prevented enhanced ischemia-induced ascorbate loss in female hippocampus.