Table 3.

Descriptive statistics of OOP across different samples in 2014 and 2016.

Variables	VHI
	2014				2016
	Treated (N = 824)		Control (N = 2,385)		Treated (N = 824)		Control (N = 2,385)
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Probability of having outpatient OOP	0.31	0.46	0.30	0.46	0.40	0.49	0.31	0.46
Probability of having inpatient OOP	0.05	0.22	0.04	0.19	0.10	0.30	0.04	0.19
Outpatient OOP	1186.15	2207.17	985.33	1865.84	1135.34	2682.71	1382.36	2965.20
Inpatient OOP	8984.15	15717.05	8539.96	22330.11	9831.26	24224.66	8178.68	15779.14
Total OOP	2341.90	6819.74	1852.11	8056.38	3059.87	11989.11	2200.01	6738.59
OOP per visit at the district hospital	423.69	425.99	804.38	1441.37	681.68	1479.83	776.63	973.65
OOP per visit at the provincial hospital	3729.94	8722.14	3348.49	9016.72	3374.31	5281.88	3991.41	8967.93
Variables	HSHI
	2014				2016
	Treated (N = 448)		Control (N = 2,385)		Treated (N = 448)		Control (N = 2,385)
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Probability of having outpatient OOP	0.31	0.46	0.30	0.46	0.35	0.48	0.31	0.46
Probability of having inpatient OOP	0.06	0.24	0.04	0.19	0.09	0.29	0.04	0.19
Outpatient OOP	928.47	1316.48	985.33	1865.84	1326.01	4197.43	1382.36	2965.20
Inpatient OOP	7399.82	11255.55	8539.96	22330.11	5566.98	7514.78	8178.68	15779.14
Total OOP	2029.96	5283.36	1852.11	8056.38	2328.69	5828.10	2200.01	6738.59
OOP per visit at the district hospital	1254.97	2672.46	804.38	1441.37	673.78	1750.07	776.63	973.65
OOP per visit at the provincial hospital	5605.29	10117.52	3348.49	9016.72	3448.19	5830.04	3991.41	8967.93

SD: standard deviation; N: number of observations. Exchange rate in 2014: VND 21,235 = US$1 and in 2016: VND 22,156 = US$1.