Table 4.
Descriptive statistics of control variables.
| Variable | 2014 | 2016 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control group | Treatment group (VHI) |
Treatment group (HSHI) |
Control group | Treatment group (VHI) |
Treatment group (HSHI) |
|||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Age group | ||||||||||||
| ≤30 (ref.) | 0.04 | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.43 | 0.47 | 0.41 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.47 |
| 31-40 | 0.22 | 0.41 | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.11 | 0.31 |
| 41-50 | 0.34 | 0.47 | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.18 | 0.39 | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.15 | 0.36 |
| 51-60 | 0.25 | 0.44 | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0.25 | 0.43 | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 0.39 | 0.15 | 0.36 |
| ≥61 | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.18 | 0.38 |
| Gender (male) | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.50 |
| Ethnicity (Kinh, Hoa) | 0.97 | 0.16 | 0.98 | 0.15 | 0.88 | 0.32 | 0.97 | 0.17 | 0.98 | 0.15 | 0.88 | 0.33 |
| Marital status (married) | 0.79 | 0.41 | 0.79 | 0.41 | 0.75 | 0.43 | 0.79 | 0.40 | 0.81 | 0.39 | 0.74 | 0.44 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Education level | ||||||||||||
| Not completed primary school (ref.) | 0.20 | 0.43 | 0.18 | 0.42 | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0.18 | 0.45 | 0.17 | 0.47 | 0.28 | 0.44 |
| Primary school | 0.30 | 0.46 | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0.29 | 0.45 | 0.30 | 0.46 |
| Lower secondary | 0.33 | 0.47 | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.30 | 0.46 | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0.30 | 0.46 |
| Upper secondary | 0.11 | 0.32 | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.06 | 0.24 |
| Vocational school | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.05 | 0.21 |
| College, university, master, PhD | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.11 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Occupation status | ||||||||||||
| Professionals/technicians (ref.) | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
| Service and sales staff | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.19 | 0.40 | 0.07 | 0.26 |
| Labourers in agriculture/forestry/fishery | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.15 | 0.35 | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.14 | 0.35 |
| Manual labourers and machine operators | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.22 | 0.42 | 0.22 | 0.42 | 0.15 | 0.36 |
| Unskilled workers | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.50 |
| Others | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.14 | 0.35 |
| Household size | 4.25 | 1.37 | 4.24 | 1.48 | 4.33 | 1.67 | 4.22 | 1.44 | 4.24 | 1.55 | 4.21 | 1.80 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Household composition | ||||||||||||
| Share of children below 6 years | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.12 |
| Share of the elders above 60 years | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.17 | 0.30 |
| Access to clear water | 0.79 | 0.41 | 0.86 | 0.34 | 0.80 | 0.40 | 0.79 | 0.41 | 0.85 | 0.36 | 0.80 | 0.40 |
| Toilet access | 0.64 | 0.48 | 0.76 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.50 | 0.72 | 0.45 | 0.81 | 0.39 | 0.54 | 0.50 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Expenditure quintiles | ||||||||||||
| First expenditure quintile group (poorest) (ref.) | 0.22 | 0.42 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 0.32 | 0.45 | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.09 | 0.35 | 0.23 | 0.42 |
| Second expenditure quintile group | 0.25 | 0.43 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.22 | 0.41 | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.22 | 0.41 |
| Third expenditure quintile group | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.24 | 0.43 | 0.22 | 0.42 | 0.22 | 0.41 |
| Fourth expenditure quintile group | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.18 | 0.39 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.27 | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0.42 |
| Fifth expenditure quintile group (richest) | 0.15 | 0.35 | 0.18 | 0.39 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.44 | 0.10 | 0.30 |
| Number of motorcycles | 1.36 | 0.79 | 1.50 | 0.84 | 1.16 | 0.82 | 1.49 | 0.81 | 1.57 | 0.83 | 1.20 | 0.87 |
| Number of telephones | 1.75 | 1.02 | 1.90 | 1.07 | 1.49 | 1.02 | 1.92 | 1.10 | 2.07 | 1.14 | 1.58 | 0.96 |
| Number of radio, television, or computer | 1.18 | 0.52 | 1.29 | 0.64 | 1.06 | 0.43 | 1.21 | 0.59 | 1.34 | 0.65 | 1.09 | 0.48 |
| Number of illness (times) in last 12 months | 0.05 | 0.37 | 0.08 | 0.37 | 0.11 | 0.38 | 0.07 | 0.43 | 0.24 | 0.85 | 0.22 | 0.74 |
| Number of illness (days) in last 12 months | 0.67 | 9.51 | 1.17 | 7.33 | 2.00 | 9.88 | 0.74 | 5.30 | 3.18 | 13.08 | 2.00 | 7.14 |
| Place of residence (urban) | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.14 | 0.34 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Region | ||||||||||||
| Red River Delta (ref.) | 0.26 | 0.42 | 0.26 | 0.43 | 0.17 | 0.36 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.26 | 0.43 | 0.17 | 0.38 |
| Northern Midlands and Mountains | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.15 | 0.35 | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.15 | 0.35 |
| North and South Central Coast | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.25 | 0.43 | 0.38 | 0.48 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.25 | 0.43 | 0.38 | 0.48 |
| Central Highlands | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.08 | 0.27 |
| South East | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.05 | 0.23 |
| Mekong River Delta | 0.27 | 0.44 | 0.22 | 0.42 | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.27 | 0.44 | 0.22 | 0.42 | 0.17 | 0.38 |
SD: standard deviation.