Table 5.

Impact of HI on the utilisation of health care services.

Outcome variable	DID				DID with PSM
	VHI		HSHI		VHI		HSHI
	Pooled OLS	Fixed-effects	Pooled OLS	Fixed-effects	Pooled OLS	Fixed-effects	Pooled OLS	Fixed-effects
Probability of having outpatient visits	0.052∗∗∗ (0.013)	0.052∗∗ (0.018)	0.059∗∗∗ (0.017)	0.058∗∗∗ (0.011)	0.046∗∗∗ (0.014)	0.046∗∗ (0.015)	0.080∗∗∗ (0.0198)	0.079∗∗∗ (0.016)
Probability of having inpatient visits	0.019∗∗∗ (0.007)	0.020∗∗∗ (0.003)	0.009 (0.009)	0.010 (0.014)	0.016∗∗ (0.007)	0.017∗∗∗ (0.001)	0.004 (0.010)	0.003 (0.015)
Number of outpatient visits	0.293∗ (0.155)	0.300 (0.149)	0.166 (0.138)	0.172∗∗ (0.052)	0.288∗ (0.166)	0.287∗∗ (0.076)	0.226 (0.163)	0.241∗ (0.101)
Number of inpatient visits	0.030 (0.029)	0.033 (0.019)	-0.011 (0.032)	-0.008 (0.049)	0.010 (0.033)	0.016 (0.009)	-0.078 (0.043)	-0.079 (0.075)
Total visits	0.284∗∗∗ (0.072)	0.286∗∗ (0.089)	0.178∗∗∗ (0.066)	0.179 (0.090)	0.257∗∗∗ (0.076)	0.261∗∗ (0.071)	0.219∗∗ (0.073)	0.217∗∗ (0.072)
Number of visits at the district hospital	0.342∗∗∗ (0.100)	0.339∗∗ (0.113)	0.258∗∗∗ (0.072)	0.258∗∗∗ (0.041)	0.370∗∗∗ (0.105)	0.359∗∗ (0.092)	0.191∗∗∗ (0.074)	0.194∗∗ (0.061)
Number of visits at the provincial hospital	0.179∗∗ (0.076)	0.167∗∗ (0.046)	−0.045 (0.074)	−0.046 (0.036)	0.184∗∗ (0.081)	0.164∗∗∗ (0.012)	-0.073 (0.100)	−0.077 (0.071)

^∗∗∗ p < 0.01; ^∗∗p < 0.05; ^∗p < 0.1. DID = difference-in-difference; PSM = propensity score matching; OLS = ordinary least squares. Notes: clustered-robust standard errors are reported in brackets of fixed-effects estimates, robust standard errors are reported in brackets of pooled OLS estimates. Standard errors are adjusted for clustering at the household level. Control variables include age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, education level, occupation, household size, household composition, expenditure and other assets of household (motorcycles, telephones, radio, TV, or computer), access to clean water, toilet, reported health status of individuals, and geographical location.