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. 2020 Sep 3;10:14523. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71316-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Macroscopic observations during the separation of the Achilles tendon-calcaneus-plantar fascia complex (AT-calcaneus-PF complex). (A) The AT-calcaneus-PF complex can be observed looking from proximal to distal after the AT was separated from its weak attachment on the calcaneus and reverted backwards. (B) The calcaneal tuberosity becomes visible if the separation of the AT from the calcaneus is continued. The white arrow points at the median fibrous septum originating from the calcaneus and contributing to the calcaneal periosteum, which is depicted more proximally in the plastinate and histology sections shown in Fig. 7. (C) The macroscopic transition of ligamentous structures between the AT and the PF is shown after the calcaneus was removed (view from medial to lateral onto a sagittal plane after the AT-calcaneus-PF complex had been longitudinally divided into two parts). AT, Achilles tendon; black arrows, transverse insertion line; CAL, calcaneus; CP, calcaneal periosteum; PF, plantar fascia; RCB: retrocalcaneal bursa, white asterisk, most proximal point of the calcaneal tuberosity; d, distal; m, medial; l, lateral; p, proximal.