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. 2020 Aug 11;12(8):875. doi: 10.3390/v12080875

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Non-apoptotic impact of cannabinoids on mitochondria. Although CB1 and CB2 are found on immune cell, the reported activity of CBD on the mitochondria of immune cells was not confirmed to be dependent on either receptor [95,100,103]. Non-specific effect represents the effect of cannabinoids on mitochondrial membrane integrity demonstrated not to be dependent on CB1 or CB2 [88,89,90]. It is now well established that CB1 is found on mitochondrial membrane [80,86,87,93]. Green borders represent an upregulation or increased activity; red borders represent a downregulation or reduced activity. CB1: Cannabinoid receptor type 1; CB2: Cannabinoid receptor type 2; CBD: Cannabidiol; ETC: Electron transport chain; HIF-1; hypoxia-inducible factors 1; PGC-1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; PINK1: PTEN-induced kinase 1; PKA: Protein kinase A; ROS: reactive oxygen species; THC: Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol.