Table 3.
Survey of electrochemical label-free biosensors for Japanese encephalitis diagnostic.
|
Electrode
Material |
Method | Bio-Recognition Layer | Target | Limit of Detection | Adv. | Dis. | Ref. |
| Nano-Au/o-PDA polymer film/PtE | Amperometry | Antiserum of JEV | JEV antigen |
6 × 10−9 pfu/mL | b, f | c, b | [119] |
| Nano-Au/o-PDA polymer film with deposited Prussian blue/PtE | Amperometry | Antiserum of JEV | JEV antigen |
6 × 10−9 pfu/mL | b, f | a, b, c | [45] |
| l-cysteine + nano-Au and [Co(bpy)3]3+/AuE | Potentiometry | Antiserum of JEV | JEV antigen |
3.5 × 10−8 pfu/mL | b | a, b, c | [42] |
| Silanized surface with protein A/screen-printed electrode | EIS | Serum containing antibodies to JEV | JEV antigen |
0.75 µg/mL | a, b c, d | d, e, f | [122] |
| PANI nanowires/PtE | EIS | Anti-JEV antibodies | JEV antigen |
10 ng/mL | e | c, d, e, f, | [38] |
| CNPs/3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane/SPCE | EIS, CV | JEV antibody | JEV antigen |
2 ng/mL | b, d | c, d, e, f, | [121] |
| PANI/multiwalled carbon nanotubes/PtE | EIS | Anti-JEV antibodies | JEV antigen |
– | a, b | d, e, f | [27] |
| CNPs/chitosan/SPCE | EIS, CV | JEV antibody | JEV antigen |
0.36 ng/mL | b, d, c | a, c, d, e, f | [70] |
| Commercially Available Assays | |||||||
| Platform/Company | Method | Bio-Recognition Molecules | Target | Detection Rates | Adv. | Adv. | Ref. |
| Microtiter plate/InBios JEV Detect™ | Membrane attack complex—ELISA |
Anti-JEV human-IgM antibody, JEV NS1 antigen, antibody-HRP conjugates |
JEV Ig M antibodies |
56% | d, f | a, c | [123,124] |
| Microtiter plate/XCyton JEV Chex | Membrane attack complex—ELISA |
Anti-JEV human-IgM antibody, JEV NS1 antigen, antibody-HRP conjugates |
JEV Ig M antibodies |
19% | d, f | a, c | [124] |
Advantages: a—lower consumption of chemical reagents; b—rapid response time; c—portability; d—opportunity to quantify biomolecules in human serum; e—high sensitivity; f—representative information about reproducibility and stability. Disadvantages: a—higher consumption of chemical reagents; b—suitable only for primary screening and require confirmation of positive results by independent methods; c—complex electrode/platform fabrication; d—limited or unknown sensor stability; e—limited or unknown shelf-life of the sensor; f—limited sensor reproducibility.