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Structure of the HIV long terminal repeats (LTR) showing overlapping NF-κB and NFAT binding sites. The HIV core promoter within the LTR harbors two NF-κB and three Sp1 binding sites and a TATA-box from which HIV transcription initiates. However, NFAT binding sites overlap the two NF-κB binding sites. Both NF-κB and NFAT have unique binding sequence requirements and the binding of NF-κB and NFAT to the LTR to regulate HIV-1 transcription is mutually exclusive.
