Table 3.
Combined effects and interactions between DON and ZEN on boar semen exposed in vitro (based on [43]).
| CASA Parameters | Mean Values Comparisons and Alterations # | Combined Effect and Type of Interaction (0–4 h of Incubation) |
| Immotile | DON + ZEN vs. ZEN: p > 0.05 and DON + ZEN vs. DON: p < 0.05 and DON vs. ZEN: p < 0.05. No treatment × time interaction. | Less than additive |
| Non progressive | DON + ZEN vs. ZEN: p > 0.05 and DON + ZEN vs. DON: p < 0.05 and DON vs. ZEN: p < 0.05. No treatment × time interaction. | Less than additive |
| Progressive motile | DON + ZEN vs. ZEN: p > 0.05 and DON + ZEN vs. DON: p < 0.05 and DON vs. ZEN: p < 0.05. No treatment × time interaction. | Less than additive |
| Rapid | Treatment × time interaction was observed. All time points: DON + ZEN vs. DON: p < 0.05 and DON vs. ZEN: p < 0.05. DON + ZEN vs. ZEN: 0 h: p < 0.05; 1–4 h: p > 0.05. | 0 h: Potentiation (synergism type 1) effect (DON + ZEN vs. ZEN: p < 0.05) 1–4 h: Less than additive |
| Medium | Treatment × time interaction was observed. DON vs. ZEN: 0 h and 2–4 h p < 0.05; 1 h: p > 0.05. All time points DON + ZEN vs. ZEN: p > 0.05. DON + ZEN vs. DON: 0 h and 1 h: p > 0.05; 2–4 h: p < 0.05. | 0 h and 1 h: No interaction 2–4 h: Less than additive (type II) |
| Slow | Treatment × time interaction was observed. All time points DON + ZEN vs. ZEN: p > 0.05 and DON + ZEN vs. DON: p < 0.05. DON vs. ZEN: 0–3 h: p < 0.05; 4 h: p > 0.05. | Less than additive |
| VCL | Treatment × time interaction was observed. DON + ZEN vs. ZEN: 0 h: p < 0.05; 1–4 h: p > 0.05. All time points: DON + ZEN vs DON: p < 0.05. DON vs ZEN: 0–3 h: p < 0.05; 4 h: p > 0.05. |
0 h: Potentiating interaction (synergism type 1) 1–4 h: Less than additive |
| VSL | Similar to parameter “Immotile” | Less than additive |
| VAP | Similar to parameter “Immotile” | Less than additive |
| Linearity | Treatment × time interaction was observed. All time points: DON + ZEN vs. ZEN: p > 0.05 and DON + ZEN vs. DON: p < 0.05 and DON vs. ZEN: p < 0.05. | Less than additive |
| Straightness | Treatment × time interaction was observed. All time points: DON + ZEN vs. ZEN: p > 0.05 and DON + ZEN vs. DON: p < 0.05 and DON vs. ZEN: p < 0.05. | Less than additive |
| ALH | Treatment × time interaction was observed. 0 h and 2 h: DON + ZEN vs. DON: p < 0.05; DON + ZEN vs. ZEN: p > 0.05; DON vs. ZEN: p > 0.05. 1 h, 3 h, 4 h: No significant effect of all treatments on the parameter. | 0 h and 2 h: Less than additive 1 h, 3 h, and 4 h: No interaction |
| BCF* | Similar to parameter “Immotile” | Less than additive |
| Wobble | Treatment × time interaction was observed. All time points: DON + ZEN vs. ZEN: p > 0.05 and DON + ZEN vs. DON: p < 0.05 and DON vs. ZEN: p < 0.05. | Less than additive |
| Hyperactive | Treatment × time interaction was observed. All time points: DON + ZEN vs. ZEN: p > 0.05; DON + ZEN vs. DON: 0 h: p < 0.05; 1–4 h: p > 0.05. DON vs. ZEN: 0 h: p < 0.05; 1–2 h: p > 0.05; 3–4 h: No significant effect of all treatments on the parameter. |
0 h and 2 h: Less than additive 1 h, 3 h, and 4 h: No interaction |
| Morphology, Viability, HOST, and DNA Integrity Tests | ||
| Morphology/Head incidents | DON + ZEN vs. ZEN: p > 0.05 and DON + ZEN vs. DON: p < 0.05 and DON vs. ZEN: p < 0.05. No treatment × time interaction. | Less than additive |
| Viability/Live spermatozoa | Treatment × time interaction was observed. All time points: DON + ZEN vs. ZEN: p < 0.05 and DON + ZEN vs. DON: p < 0.05 and DON vs. ZEN: p < 0.05. |
Synergistic effect (type 1) |
| Sperm membrane functional status/HOST | All time points: DON + ZEN vs. ZEN: p > 0.05 and DON + ZEN vs. DON: p < 0.05 and DON vs. ZEN: p < 0.05. No treatment × time interaction. |
Less than additive |
| Sperm nuclear chromatin integrity | – | No interaction |
# Treatments: DMSO = 0.7% (v/v); DON = 50.6 μM; ZEN = 62.8 μM; DON + ZEN = 50.6 μM DON + 62.8 μM ZEN; * BCF: beat/cross frequency; HOST: hypoosmotic swelling test.