Table 1.

Parameters used for path loss modeling.

Model Parameter	Symbol	Value	Unit
Frequency	f	2.4	GHz
Spreading factor	$SF$	5–12	-
Bandwidth	$BW$	203/406/812/1625	kHz
Code rate	$R_C$	4/5	-
Transmission power	$P_{TX}$	12.5	dBm
Transmitter antenna gain	$G_{TX}$	2	dBi
Transmitter cable losses	$L_{TX}$	−2	dB
Fading margin	$L_m$	0	dB
Receiver antenna gain	$G_{RX}$	2	dBi
Receiver cable losses	$L_{RX}$	−2	dB
Base station height	$h_b$	20	m
Mobile station height	$h_m$	2	m