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. 2020 Aug 7;20(16):4407. doi: 10.3390/s20164407

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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E-skins applied to heartbeat. (a) E-skin developed by Kahp-Yang Suh and co-workers in 2012 [131] (Copyright © 2020, Springer Nature). (b) Output of the e-skin in (a) during resting or after exercise [131] (Copyright © 2020, Springer Nature). (c) Schematic illustration of the e-skin developed by Zhenan Bao and co-workers in 2015 [165] (Copyright © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany). (d) Radial artery pulse wave detected by an e-skin in (c), with microhairs with an aspect ratio of 10; the inset shows the sensitivity of the e-skin [165] (Copyright © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany).