. 2020 Aug 21;11:2012. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02012

TABLE 4.

Effects of treatments on histomorphological parameters on days 4 and 8 post-inoculation.

	PI Day	Treatment					RSD	P-value	Adjusted P-value
		CTR+	PRO	PRE	SYN	CTR−
Villous height (μm)	4	282^a	229^ab	213^ab	184^b	246^ab	52.5	0.033*	0.118
	8	259	256	227	227	242	36.1	0.320	0.477
Crypt depth (μm)	4	228^a	263^abc	249^ab	299^c	282^cb	26.2	<0.001*	0.003*
	8	245	266	275	267	282	31.3	0.241	0.474
Villous height: crypt depth ratio	4	1.24^a	0.88^b	0.85^b	0.64^b	0.87^b	0.201	<0.001*	0.003*
	8	1.06^a	0.96^ab	0.84^b	0.84^b	0.85^b	0.123	0.008*	0.045*
IEL (Cell no./100 μm)	4	0.46	0.68	1.02	0.54	0.57	0.776	0.320	0.477
	8	0.50^a	0.67^ab	0.98^b	0.65^ab	0.45^a	0.286	0.028*	0.108

CTR+ – Non-Inoculated animals receiving placebo; PRO- Inoculated animals receiving the probiotic; PRE- Inoculated animals receiving the prebiotic; SYN- Inoculated animals receiving the synbiotic; CTR− - Inoculated animals receiving placebo. N = 6 for all groups except for non-challenged animals, N = 8. P-values were obtained by an ANOVA, using the linear model procedure in the R software and adjusted by the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure. Means in the same row with different superscripts are different from each other (Tukey’s < P 0.05).